Athlon MP — AMD — WikiChip
Athlon MP | |
Athlon MP logo | |
Developer | AMD |
Manufacturer | AMD |
Type | Microprocessors |
Introduction | June 5, 2001 (announced) June 5, 2001 (launch) |
Architecture | Server x86 multiprocessors |
ISA | x86 |
µarch | K7 |
Word size | 32 bit
4 octets |
Process | 180 nm
0.18 μm , 130 nm 0.13 μm |
Technology | CMOS |
Clock | 1,000 MHz-2,130 MHz |
Package | CPGA-453 |
Socket | Socket A |
Succession | |
← | → |
Athlon | Opteron |
Athlon MP (Athlon Multiprocessor) was a family of 32-bit x86 server multiprocessors designed by AMD specifically for the server and workstations market. Athlon MP was AMD’s first multiprocessing-capable platform.
Contents
- 1 Overview
- 1.1 SmartMP Technology
- 1.2 Modding Athlon XP
- 2 Chip Identification
- 3 Models
- 3.1 Palomino Core
- 3.2 Thoroughbred Core
- 3.3 Barton Core
- 4 Documents
- 4.1 Datasheets
- 4.2 Others
- 5 Artwork
Overview[edit]
- See also: K7 Microarchitecture
Tyan S2462 motherboard for dual-socket Athlon MP processors.
AMD announced their first multiprocessing-capable platform at Computex Taipei on June 5th, 2001. As with all the other Athlon families, the Athlon MP is also based on the K7 microarchitecture. The platform includes the Athlon MP processors as well as the AMD-760MP northbridge chipset. AMD-760MP supports one- and two-way setups and Double Data Rate (DDR) memory operating at 133 MHz. At the time, AMD’s vice president for their servers group stated Athlon MP processor delivers up to 38% higher performance over their competition (presumably referring to Xeon).
SmartMP Technology[edit]
- Main article: SmartMP Technology
This section is empty; you can help add the missing info by editing this page. |
Modding Athlon XP[edit]
In early 2002 HardwareZone.com published an article detailing the ability to modify a stock Athlon XP processor (which shares an identical core to the Athlon MPs) to allow it to recognize dual-socket configuration effectively turning it into an expensive Athlon MP processor. The modification is a trivial bridge on the L5 circuit on the top of the Athlon XP package (see article for detail). Various degrees of success has been reported.
Chip Identification[edit]
Athlon MP processor along with the AMD-760MP chipset (north and south bridge)
Identification | ||||||||||||||||
A | HX | 1200 | A | M | S | 3 | C | |||||||||
A | MS | N | 1200 | D | K | T | 3 | B | ||||||||
FSB: B — 100 MHz (200 MT/s) C — 133 MHz (266 MT/s) |
||||||||||||||||
L2$ Size: 3 — 256 KiB 4 — 512 KiB |
||||||||||||||||
TCASE: S — 95 °C T — 90 °C V — 85 °C |
||||||||||||||||
VCORE:
|
||||||||||||||||
Package: A — PGA D — OPGA |
||||||||||||||||
Speed (MHz) | ||||||||||||||||
Max Power: N — 60 W |
||||||||||||||||
Type: HX — High-Performance Multiprocessors MP — High-Performance Multiprocessors MS — High-Performance Multiprocessors with QuantiSpeed |
||||||||||||||||
Family: A — Athlon-based (K7) |
Palomino Core[edit]
Palomino-based microprocessors (i.e. Model 6) were manufactured on AMD’s mature 180 nm process copper interconnect technology at Fab 30 foundry in Dresden, Germany. The core implements an exclusive 256 KiB L2$ and a 128 KiB L1$. As with all Socket A processors (EV6 system bus), Athlon MP operate on a 133 MHz FSB DDR (double data rate) yielding an effective 266 MT/s transfer rate (note that ‘B’ models operated at a lower FSB of 100 MHz). These processors support MMX, SSE, Enhanced 3DNow!, and SmartMP Technology. AMD came short with Palomino by not supporting SSE2 which came out in the various Pentium 4 models that were released around the same time.
Palomino-based Athlon MP Microprocessors | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model | OPN | Price | Launched | L2$ | Freq | Multiplier | TDP | VCORE |
Athlon MP 1000 | AHX1000AMS3C | $ 215.00
€ 193.50 |
5 June 2001 | 256 KiB
0.25 MiB |
1 GHz
1,000 MHz |
7.5 | 46.1 W
46,100 mW |
1. 75 V
17.5 dV |
Athlon MP 1200 | AHX1200DHS3C | $ 265.00
€ 238.50 |
5 June 2001 | 256 KiB
0.25 MiB |
1.2 GHz
1,200 MHz |
9 | 1.55 V
15.5 dV |
|
Athlon MP 1200 | AHX1200ANS3B | $ 265.00
€ 238.50 |
5 June 2001 | 256 KiB
0.25 MiB |
1.2 GHz
1,200 MHz |
12 | 1.8 V
18 dV |
|
Athlon MP 1500+ | AMP1500DMS3C | $ 180.00
€ 162.00 |
15 October 2001 | 256 KiB
0.25 MiB |
1.333 GHz
1,333 MHz |
10 | 60 W
60,000 mW |
1.75 V
17.5 dV |
Athlon MP 1600+ | AMP1600DMS3C | $ 210.00
€ 189.00 |
15 October 2001 | 256 KiB
0.25 MiB |
1.4 GHz
1,400 MHz |
10.5 | 62.8 W
62,800 mW |
1.75 V
17.5 dV |
Athlon MP 1800+ | AMP1800DMS3C | $ 302.00
€ 271.80 |
15 October 2001 | 256 KiB
0.25 MiB |
1.533 GHz
1,533 MHz |
11.5 | 66 W
66,000 mW |
1.75 V
17.5 dV |
Athlon MP 1900+ | AMP1900DMS3C | $ 319.00
€ 287. 10 |
12 December 2001 | 256 KiB
0.25 MiB |
1.6 GHz
1,600 MHz |
12 | 66 W
66,000 mW |
1.75 V
17.5 dV |
Athlon MP 2000+ | AMP2000DMS3C | $ 319.00
€ 287.10 |
13 March 2002 | 256 KiB
0.25 MiB |
1.667 GHz
1,667 MHz |
12.5 | 66 W
66,000 mW |
1.75 V
17.5 dV |
Athlon MP 2100+ | AMP2100DMS3C | $ 262.00
€ 235.80 |
19 June 2002 | 256 KiB
0.25 MiB |
1.733 GHz
1,733 MHz |
13 | 66 W
66,000 mW |
1.75 V
17.5 dV |
Count: 9 |
Thoroughbred Core[edit]
AMD introduced Thoroughbred-based processors (i.e. Model 8) in late 2002. Those chips were manufactured on a newer 130 nm process which allowed them to be clocked at higher frequencies. The new process also allowed AMD to rearrange their design which allowed them to shave off roughly 300,000 transistors. These processors support MMX, SSE, Enhanced 3DNow!, and SmartMP Technology.
Thoroughbred-based Athlon MP Microprocessors | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model | OPN | Price | Launched | L2$ | Freq | Multiplier | TDP | VCORE |
Athlon MP 2000+ | AMSN2000DKT3C | 27 August 2002 | 256 KiB
0.25 MiB |
1.667 GHz
1,667 MHz |
12. 5 | 1.65 V
16.5 dV |
||
Athlon MP 2000+ | AMSN2000DUT3C | 27 August 2002 | 256 KiB
0.25 MiB |
1.667 GHz
1,667 MHz |
12.5 | 58.2 W
58,200 mW |
1.6 V
16 dV |
|
Athlon MP 2200+ | AMSN2200DKT3C | $ 224.00
€ 201.60 |
27 August 2002 | 256 KiB
0.25 MiB |
1.8 GHz
1,800 MHz |
13.5 | 60 W
60,000 mW |
1.65 V
16.5 dV |
Athlon MP 2400+ | AMSN2400DUT3C | $ 228.00
€ 205.20 |
10 December 2002 | 256 KiB
0. 25 MiB |
2 GHz
2,000 MHz |
15 | 1.6 V
16 dV |
|
Athlon MP 2600+ | AMSN2600DKT3C | $ 273.00
€ 245.70 |
4 February 2003 | 256 KiB
0.25 MiB |
2.133 GHz
2,133 MHz |
16 | 60 W
60,000 mW |
1.65 V
16.5 dV |
Count: 5 |
Barton Core[edit]
The last chip in the Athlon MP series was introduced in early 2003. The Barton-based processor (i.e. model 10), which was also manufactured on a 130 nm process, doubled the amount of level 2 cache (to 512 KiB). Barton-based processors sold for significantly lower price than the newer Opteron models which made them attractive for entry-level servers and workstations. These processors support MMX, SSE, Enhanced 3DNow!, and SmartMP Technology.
Barton-based Athlon MP Microprocessors | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model | OPN | Price | Launched | L2$ | Freq | Multiplier | TDP | VCORE |
Athlon MP 2600+ | AMSN2600DUT4C | 6 May 2003 | 512 KiB
0.5 MiB |
2 GHz
2,000 MHz |
15 | 60 W
60,000 mW |
1.6 V
16 dV |
|
Athlon MP 2800+ | AMSN2800DUT4C | $ 275.00
€ 247.50 |
6 May 2003 | 512 KiB
0.5 MiB |
2.133 GHz
2,133 MHz |
16 | 60 W
60,000 mW |
1.6 V
16 dV |
Count: 2 |
Documents[edit]
Datasheets[edit]
- AMD Athlon MP Processor Model 6 Data Sheet Multiprocessor-Capable for Workstation and Server Platforms; Publication # 24685; Rev. : B; Issue Date: June 2001.
- AMD Athlon MP Processor Model 6 OPGA Data Sheet for Multiprocessor Platforms; Publication # 25480 Rev: D; Issue Date: June 2002.
- AMD Athlon MP Processor Model 8 Data Sheet for Multiprocessor Platforms; Publication # 25722 Rev. E; Issue Date: March 2003.
- AMD Athlon MP Processor Model 10 Data Sheet for Multiprocessor Platforms; Publication # 26426 Rev. C; Issue Date: October 2003.
Others[edit]
- System Considerations for Dual AMD Athlon MP Processors in Tower and 1U Form Factors; Publication # 25325; Rev: B; August 2002.
- AMD-760 Chipset & DDR Memory Presentation; October 2000.
Artwork[edit]
amd%20athlon%20ii%20pin%20layout%20voltage%20ground datasheet & applicatoin notes
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amd%20athlon%20ii%20pin%20layout%20voltage%20ground Datasheets Context Search
Catalog Datasheet | MFG & Type | Document Tags | |
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Original |
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2002 — AMD xp datasheet
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1999 — Athlon
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ATI Radeon
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2003 — AMD Thermal Design Guide
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2011 — E4690
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Athlon
Infobox Computer Hardware Cpu
name = Athlon
caption = AMD Athlon logo
produced-start = mid 1999
produced-end = 2005
slowest = 500 | slow-unit = MHz
fastest = 2. 33 | fast-unit = GHz
fsb-slowest = 100 | fsb-slow-unit = MHz
fsb-fastest = 200 | fsb-fast-unit = MHz
size-from = 0.25
size-to = 0.13
manuf1 = AMD
core1 = K7 (Argon)
core2 = K75 (Pluto/Orion)
core3 = Thunderbird
core4 = Palomino
core5 = Thoroughbred A/B
core6 = Barton/Thorton
sock1 = Slot A
sock2 = Socket A
arch = x86
Athlon is the brand name applied to a series of different x86processors designed and manufactured by AMD. The original Athlon, or «Athlon Classic», was the first seventh-generation x86 processor and, in a first, retained the initial performance lead it had over Intel’s competing processors for a significant period of time. AMD has continued the «Athlon» name with the Athlon 64, an eighth-generation processor featuring x86-64 (later renamed AMD64) technology.
The Athlon made its debut on June 23, 1999. Athlon was the ancient Greek word for «Champion/trophy of the games».
Background
AMD ex-CEO and founder Jerry Sanders developed strategic partnerships during the late 1990s to improve AMD’s presence in the PC market based on the success of the K6 architecture. One major partnership announced in 1998 paired AMD with semiconductor giant Motorola. [cite web|url=http://www.hpcwire.com/hpc-bin/artread.pl?direction=Current&articlenumber=13625 |title=Motorola Prepares to Manufacture AMD’s Upcoming K7 Chip |publisher=HP |date=1998-08-07] In the announcement, Sanders referred to the partnership as creating a «virtual gorilla» that would enable AMD to compete with Intel on fabrication capacity while limiting AMD’s financial outlay for new facilities. This partnership also helped to co-develop copper-based semiconductor technology, which would become a cornerstone of the K7 production process.
In August 1999, AMD released the Athlon (K7) processor. Notably, the design team was led by Dirk Meyer, one of the lead engineers on the DEC Alpha project. Jerry Sanders had approached many of the engineering staff to work for AMD as DEC wound the project down, and brought in a near-complete team of engineering experts. The balance of the Athlon design team comprised AMD K5 and K6 veterans.
By working with Motorola, AMD was able to refine copper interconnect manufacturing to the production stage about one year before Intel. The revised process permitted 180-nanometer processor production. The accompanying die-shrink resulted in lower power consumption, permitting AMD to increase Athlon clockspeeds to the 1 GHz range. [ [http://www.amd.com/us-en/Corporate/VirtualPressRoom/0,,51_104_543_552~729,00.html AMD Announces First Revenue Shipments From Dresden «MEGAFAB»] , AMD Press Release, June 5, 2000.] AMD found processor yields on the new process exceeded expectations, and delivered high speed chips in volume in March 2000.
General architecture
Internally, the Athlon is a fully seventh generation x86 processor, the first of its kind. Like the AMD K5 and K6, the Athlon is a RISC microprocessor which decodes x86 instructions into its own internal instructions at runtime. The CPU is an out-of-order design, again like previous post-5×86 AMD CPUs. The Athlon utilizes the DEC Alpha EV6 bus architecture with double data rate (DDR) technology. This means that at 100 MHz the Athlon front side bus actually transfers at a rate similar to a 200 MHz single data rate bus (referred to as 200 MT/s), which was superior to the method used on Intel’s Pentium III (with SDR bus speeds of 100 MHz and 133 MHz).
AMD designed the CPU with more robust x86 instruction decoding capabilities than that of K6, to enhance its ability to keep more data in-flight at once. Athlon’s CISC to RISC decoder triplet could potentially decode 6 x86 operations per clock, although this was somewhat unlikely in real-world use.Hsieh, Paul. [http://www.azillionmonkeys.com/qed/cpujihad.shtml 7th Generation CPU Comparisons] .] The critical branch predictor unit, essential to keeping the pipeline busy, was enhanced compared to what was onboard the K6. Deeper pipelining with more stages allowed higher clock speeds to be attained. [De Gelas, Johan. [http://www.aceshardware.com/Spades/read.php?article_id=50 The Secrets of High Performance CPUs, Part 1] , Ace’s Hardware, September 29, 1999.] Whereas the AMD K6-III+ topped out at 570 MHz due to its short pipeline, even when built on the 180 nm process, the Athlon was capable of going much higher.
AMD ended its long-time handicap with floating pointx87 performance by designing a super-pipelined, out-of-order, triple-issue floating point unit. Each of its 3 units were tailored to be able to calculate an optimal type of instructions with some redundancy. By having separate units, it was possible to operate on more than one floating point instruction at once. This FPU was a huge step forward for AMD. While the K6 FPU had looked anemic compared to the Intel P6 FPU, with Athlon this was no longer the case. [Pabst, Thomas. [http://www.tomshardware.com/1999/08/23/performance/page7.html Performance-Showdown between Athlon and Pentium III] , Tom’s Hardware, August 23, 1999. ]
The 3DNow!floating pointSIMD technology, again present, received some revisions and a name change to «Enhanced 3DNow!». Additions included DSP instructions and an implementation of the extended MMX subset of Intel SSE. [Womack, Tom. [http://www.tom.womack.net/x86FAQ/faq_features.html Extensions to the x86 architecture] .]
CPU Caching onboard Athlon consisted of the typical two levels. Athlon was the first x86 processor with a 128 KB [BDprefix|p=b] split level 1 cache; a 2-way associative, later 16-way, cache separated into 2×64 KB for data and instructions (Harvard architecture). This cache was double the size of K6’s already large 2×32 KB cache, and quadruple the size of Pentium II and III’s 2×16 KB L1 cache. The initial Athlon (Slot A, later renamed Athlon Classic) used 512 KB of level 2 cache separate from the CPU, on the processor cartridge board, running at 50% to 33% of core speed. This was done because the 250 nm manufacturing processes was too large to allow for on-die cache while maintaining cost-effective die size. Later Athlon CPUs, afforded greater transistor budgets by smaller 180 nm and 130 nm process nodes, moved to on-die L2 cache at full CPU clock speed.
Athlon
Athlon Classic
Athlon Classic launched on June 23, 1999. It showed superior performance compared to the reigning champion, Pentium III, in every benchmark. [Lal Shimpi, Anand. [http://www.anandtech.com/showdoc.aspx?i=1015 AMD Athlon] , August 9, 1999.]
Athlon Classic is a cartridge-based processor. The design, called Slot A, was quite similar to Intel’s Slot 1 cartridge used for Pentium II and Pentium III; actually it used mechanically the same slot part as competing Intel CPUs (allowing motherboard manufacturers to save on costs) but reversed «upside-down» to prevent users putting in wrong CPUs (as they were completely signal incompatible). The cartridge allowed use of higher speed cache memory than is possible to put on the motherboard. Like Pentium II and the «Katmai»-core Pentium III, Athlon Classic used a 512 KB secondary cache. This cache, again like its competitors, ran at a fraction of the core clock rate and had its own 64-bit bus, called a «backside bus» that allowed concurrent system front side bus and cache accesses. [De Gelas, Johan. [http://www.aceshardware.com/read.jsp?id=71 Clash of Silicon, The Athlon 650] , Ace’s Hardware, September 29, 1999.] Initially the L2 cache was set for half of the CPU clock speed, on up to 700 MHz Athlon CPUs. Faster Slot-A processors were forced to compromise with cache clock speed and ran at 2/5 (up to 850 MHz) or 1/3 (up to 1 GHz). [Lal Shimpi, Anand. [http://www.anandtech.com/showdoc.aspx?i=1189&p=2 AMD Athlon 1 GHz, 950 MHz, 900 MHz] , Anandtech, March 6, 2000, p.2.] The SRAM available at the time was incapable of matching the Athlon’s clock scalability, due both to cache chip technology limitations and electrical/cache latency complications of running an external cache at such a high speed.
The Slot-A Athlons were the first multiplier-locked CPUs from AMD. This was partly done to hinder CPU remarking being done by questionable resellers around the globe. AMD’s older CPUs could simply be set to run at whatever clock speed the user chose on the motherboard, making it trivial to relabel a CPU and sell it as a faster grade than it was originally intended. These relabeled CPUs were not always stable, being overclocked and not tested properly, and this was damaging to AMD’s reputation. Although the Athlon was multiplier locked, crafty enthusiasts eventually discovered that a connector on the PCB of the cartridge could control the multiplier. Eventually a product called the «Goldfingers device» was created that could unlock the CPU, named after the gold connector pads on the processor board that it attached to. [Noonan, Jim and Rolfe, James. [http://www.overclockers.com.au/techstuff/r_gfd1/ Athlon Gold-Finger Devices] , Overclockers.com.au, accessed August 24, 2006.]
In commercial terms, the Athlon Classic was an enormous success — not just because of its own merits, but also because the normally dependable Intel endured a series of major production, design, and quality control issues at this time. In particular, Intel’s transition to the 180 nm production process, starting in late 1999 and running through to mid-2000, suffered delays. There was a shortage of Pentium III parts. In contrast, AMD enjoyed a remarkably smooth process transition and had ample supplies available, causing Athlon sales to become quite strong.
Specifications
* K7 «Argon» (250 nm)
* K75 «Pluto/Orion» (180 nm)
* L1-Cache: 64 + 64 KB (Data + Instructions)
* L2-Cache: 512 KB, external chips on CPU module with 50%, 40% or 33% of CPU speed
* MMX, 3DNow!
* Slot A (EV6)
* Front side bus: 200 MT/s (100 MHz double-pumped)
* VCore: 1.6 V (K7), 1.6–1.8 V (K75)
* First release: June 231999 (K7), November 291999 (K75)
* Clockrate: 500–700 MHz (K7), 550–1000 MHz (K75)
Thunderbird (T-Bird)
The second generation Athlon, the «Thunderbird», debuted on June 5, 2000. This version of the Athlon shipped in a more traditional pin-grid array (PGA) format that plugged into a socket («Socket A») on the motherboard (it also shipped in the slot A package). It was sold at speeds ranging from 600 MHz to 1400 MHz. The major difference, however, was cache design. Just as Intel had done when they replaced the old Katmai Pentium III with the much faster Coppermine P-III, AMD replaced the 512 KB external reduced-speed cache of the Athlon Classic with 256 KB of on-chip, full-speed exclusive cache. As a general rule, more cache improves performance, but faster cache improves it further still. [http://www.sandpile.org/impl/k7.htm K7 microarchitecture information] , Sandpile.org, accessed September 26, 2006.]
AMD changed cache design significantly with Thunderbird. With the older Athlon CPUs, the CPU caching was of an inclusive design where data from the L1 is duplicated in the L2 cache. Thunderbird moved to an exclusive design where the L1 cache’s contents are not duplicated in the L2. This increases total cache size of the processor and effectively makes caching behave as if there is a very large L1 cache with a slower region (the L2) and a very fast region (the L1). [Stokes, John. [http://arstechnica.com/articles/paedia/cpu/amd-hammer-1.ars/9 Inside AMD’s Hammer: the 64-bit architecture behind the Opteron and Athlon 64] , Ars Technica, February 1, 2005:p.9.] Because of Athlon’s very large L1 cache and the exclusive design which turns the L2 cache into basically a «victim cache», the need for high L2 performance and size was lessened. AMD kept the 64-bit L2 cache data bus from the older Athlons, as a result, and allowed it to have a relatively high latency. A simpler L2 cache reduced the possibility of the L2 cache causing clock scaling and yield issues. Still, instead of the 2-way associative scheme used in older Athlons, Thunderbird did move to a more efficient 16-way associative layout.
The Thunderbird was AMD’s most successful product since the Am386DX-40 ten years earlier. Mainboard designs had improved considerably by this time, and the initial trickle of Athlon mainboard makers had swollen to include every major manufacturer. Their new fab in Dresden came online, allowing further production increases, and the process technology was improved by a switch to copper interconnects. In October 2000 the Athlon «C» was introduced, raising the mainboard front side bus speed to 133 MHz (266 MT/s) and providing roughly 10% extra performance per clock over the «B» model Thunderbird.
Specifications
* L1-Cache: 64 + 64 nmKB (Data + Instructions)
* L2-Cache: 256 KB, fullspeed
* MMX, 3DNow!
* Slot A & Socket A (EV6)
* Front side bus: 100 MHz (Slot-A, B-models), 133 MHz (C-models) (200 MT/s, 266 MT/s)
* VCore: 1.70–1.75 V
* First release: June 52000
* Clockrate:
** Slot A: 650–1000 MHz
** Socket A, 100 MHz FSB (B-models): 600–1400 MHz
** Socket A, 133 MHz FSB (C-models): 1000–1400 MHz
Athlon XP/MP
In performance terms, the Thunderbird had easily eclipsed the rival Pentium III, and the early Pentium 4 were a long way off the pace, but gradually clawed their way closer. The 1.7 GHz P4 (April 2001) served notice that the Thunderbird could not count on retaining performance leadership forever, and thermal and electricity-consumption issues with the Thunderbird design meant that it was not practical to take it past 1400 MHz (and even at that speed it was rather hot).
Palomino
AMD released the third major Athlon version on October 9, 2001, code-named «Palomino», and named it «Athlon XP». The «Athlon XP» was marketed using a PR system, which compared its performance to an Athlon with the «Thunderbird» core. «Athlon XP» was introduced at speeds between 1333 MHz and 1533 MHz, with ratings from 1500+ to 1800+. At launch, the new core allowed AMD to take the x86 performance lead with the 1800+ model, and enhance that lead with the release of the 1600 MHz 1900+ less than a month later. [Wasson, Scott. [http://www.techreport.com/reviews/2001q4/athlonxp-1900/index.x?pg=1 AMD’s Athlon XP 1900+ processor: Pouring it on] , The Tech Report, November 5, 2001. ] The «XP» suffix is interpreted to mean «eXtreme Performance» and also as an unofficial reference to Windows XP. [Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [http://www.amd.com/us-en/assets/content_type/DownloadableAssets/25626A__Sales-Reference-AhtlonXP.pdf Introducing the AMD Athlon XP Processor] .]
Palomino was the first K7 core to include the full SSE instruction set from the Intel Pentium III as well as AMD’s 3DNow! Professional. It is roughly 10% faster than Thunderbird at the same clock speed, thanks in part to the new SIMD functionality and to several additional improvements. The core has enhancements to the K7’s TLB architecture and the addition of a hardware data prefetch mechanism to better take advantage of available memory bandwidth.Lal Shimpi, Anand. [http://www.anandtech.com/showdoc.aspx?i=1469&p=4 AMD Athlon 4 — The Palomino is Here] , Anandtech, May 14, 2001, p:4–5.]
Changes in core layout result in Palomino being more frugal with its electrical demands, consuming approximately 20% less power than its predecessor, and thus reducing heat output comparatively as well. [Wasson, Scott. [http://www.techreport.com/reviews/2001q4/athlonxp/index.x?pg=1 AMD’s Athlon XP 1800+ processor: 1533 > 1800] , The Tech Report, October 9, 2001.] While Athlon «Thunderbird» was near its clock ceiling at 1400 MHz, changes to Palomino’s transistor layout and the reduction in power demands allowed it to continue increasing clock speed even at the same 180 nm manufacturing process node and core voltage.
The «Palomino» was actually first released as a mobile version, called the Mobile Athlon 4 (codenamed «Corvette»). Palomino was also available in a form that officially supports dual processing, known as Athlon MP. [Lal Shimpi, Anand. [http://www.anandtech.com/showdoc.aspx?i=1483 AMD 760MP & Athlon MP – Dual Processor Heaven] , Anandtech, June 5, 2001.]
Specifications
* L1-Cache: 64 + 64 KB (Data + Instructions)
* L2-Cache: 256 KB, fullspeed
* MMX, 3DNow!, SSE
* Socket A (EV6)
* Front side bus: 133 MHz (266 MT/s)
* VCore: 1. 50 to 1.75 V
* Power consumption: 68 W
* First release: October 92001
* Clockrate:
** A4: 850–1400 MHz
** XP: 1333–1733 MHz (1500+ to 2100+)
** MP: 1000–1733 MHz
Thoroughbred (T-Bred)
The fourth-generation Athlon, the «Thoroughbred», was released 10 June2002 at 1.8 GHz, or 2200+ on the PR system. The «Thoroughbred» core marked AMD’s first production 130 nm silicon, resulting in a significant reduction in die size compared to its 180 nm predecessor.
There are two versions of this core, commonly called A and B. The A version was introduced at 1800 MHz, and had some heat and design issues that held its clock scalability back. In fact, AMD wasn’t able to increase its clock above Palomino’s top grades. Because of this, it was only sold in versions from 1333 MHz to 1800 MHz, replacing the larger Palomino core. The B version of Thoroughbred has an additional metal layer to improve its ability to reach higher clock speeds. It launched at higher clock speeds.
Other than the new manufacturing process, the Thoroughbred design was largely the same as the «Palomino». The Thoroughbred line received an increased front side bus clock during its lifetime, up to 333 MT/s from 266 MT/s. This improved the processor’s memory and I/O access efficiency, and improved per-clock performance as a result. AMD shifted their PR rating scheme accordingly, making lower clock speeds equate to higher PR ratings.
Specifications
* L1-Cache: 64 + 64 KB (Data + Instructions)
* L2-Cache: 256 KB, fullspeed
* MMX, 3DNow!, SSE
* Socket A (EV6)
* Front side bus: 133/166 MHz (266/333 MT/s)
* VCore: 1.50–1.65 V
* First release: June 102002 (A), August 212002 (B)
* Clockrate:
** T-Bred «A»: 1400–1800 MHz (1600+ to 2200+)
** T-Bred «B»: 1400–2250 MHz (1600+ to 2800+)
** 133 MHz FSB: 1400–2133 MHz (1600+ to 2600+)
** 166 MHz FSB: 2083–2250 MHz (2600+ to 2800+)
Barton and Thorton
Fifth-generation Athlon «Barton»-core processors released in early 2003 featured PR ratings of 2500+, 2600+, 2800+, 3000+, and 3200+. While not operating at higher clock rates than «Thoroughbred»-core processors, they earned their higher PR-rating by featuring a total of 512 KB L2 cache and, in some models, a faster 400 MT/s front side bus.De Gelas, Johan. [http://aceshardware.com/read.jsp?id=50000364 Barton: 512 KB Athlon XP Reviewed] , Ace’s Hardware, February 10, 2003.] The «Thorton» core was a variant of the «Barton» with half of the L2 cache disabled and thus functionally identical to the «Thoroughbred» core.
By the time of Barton’s release, the «Northwood» Pentium 4 had become more than competitive with AMD’s processors.Lal Shimpi, Anand. [http://www.anandtech.com/cpuchipsets/showdoc.html?i=1783 AMD’s Athlon XP 3000+: Barton cuts it close] , AnandTech, February 10, 2003.] Unfortunately, due to the architecture of AMD’s processor caches, an L2 cache increase to 512 KB did not have nearly the same impact as it did to Intel’s line. Only an increase of several percent was gained in per-clock performance. The PR rating became somewhat inaccurate because some Barton models with lower clock rate weren’t consistently outperforming their higher-clocked Thoroughbred predecessors with lower ratings.
The other improvement, a higher 400 MT/s bus clock, helped Barton gain some more efficiency. However, it was clear by this time that Intel’s quad-pumped bus was scaling well above AMD’s double-pumped EV6 bus. The 800 MT/s Pentium 4 bus was well out of Athlon’s reach. In order to reach the same bandwidth levels, the Athlon bus would have to be clocked at levels simply unreachable.
The K7 architecture had scaled to its limit. Maintaining performance equivalence with Intel’s improving processors would require a significant redesign. AMD would soon launch Athlon 64.
Specifications: «Barton (130 nm)»
* L1-Cache: 64 + 64 KB (Data + Instructions)
* L2-Cache: 512 KB, fullspeed
* MMX, 3DNow!, SSE
* Socket A (EV6)
* Front side bus: 166/200 MHz (333/400 MT/s)
* VCore: 1. 65 V
* First release: February 102003
* Clockrate: 1833–2333 MHz (2500+ to 3200+)
** 166 MHz FSB: 1833–2333 MHz (2500+ to 3200+)
** 200 MHz FSB: 2100, 2200 MHz (3000+, 3200+)
«Thorton (130 nm)»
* L1-Cache: 64 + 64 KB (Data + Instructions)
* L2-Cache: 256 KB, fullspeed
* MMX, 3DNow!, SSE
* Socket A (EV6)
* Front side bus: 133/166/200 MHz (266/333/400 MT/s)
* VCore: 1.50–1.65 V
* First release: September 2003
* Clockrate: 1667–2200 MHz (2000+ to 3100+)
** 133 MHz FSB: 1600–2133 MHz (2000+ to 2600+)
** 166 MHz FSB: 2083 MHz (2600+)
** 200 MHz FSB: 2200 MHz (3100+)
Mobile Athlon XP
Mobile Athlon XPs («Athlon XP-M») are identical to normal Athlon XPs, apart from running at lower voltages, often lower bus speeds, and not being multiplier-locked. The lower Vcore rating caused the CPU to have lower power consumption (ideal for battery-powered laptops) and lower heat production. Athlon XP-M CPUs also have a higher-rated heat tolerance, a requirement of the tight conditions within a notebook PC.
The Athlon XP-M replaced the older Mobile Athlon 4. The Mobile Athlon 4 used the older «Palomino» core, while the Athlon XP-M used the newer «Thoroughbred» and «Barton» cores. Some specialized low-power Athlon XP-Ms utilize the microPGA socket 563 rather than the standard Socket A.
The CPUs, like their mobile K6+ predecessors, were also capable of dynamic clock adjustment for power optimization. When the system is idle, the CPU clocks itself down through a lower bus multiplier and also reduces its voltage. Then, when a program demands more computational resources, the CPU very quickly (there is some latency) returns to intermediate or maximum speed to meet the demand. This technology was marketed as «PowerNow!». It was similar to Intel’s SpeedStep power saving technique. The feature was controlled by the CPU, motherboard BIOS, and operating system. AMD later renamed the technology to Cool’n’Quiet, on their K8-based CPUs (Athlon 64, etc), and re-imagined it for use on desktop PCs as well.
Athlon XP-Ms were popular with desktop overclockers, as well as underclockers. The lower voltage requirement and higher heat rating resulted in CPUs that were basically «cherry picked» from the manufacturing line. Being the best of the cores off the line, the CPUs typically were more reliably overclocked than their desktop-headed counterparts. Also, the fact that they weren’t locked to a single multiplier was a significant simplification for the overclocking process. Some «Barton» core Athlon XP-Ms have been successfully overclocked to as high as 3.1 GHz.
As stated, the chips were also liked for their underclocking ability. Underclocking is a process of determining the lowest Vcore at which a CPU can remain stable at for a given clock speed. The Athlon XP-M CPUs were capable of running lower voltages per clock rate compared to their desktop siblings. As such, the chips were used in home theater PC systems due to their high performance and low heat output at low Vcore settings.
Athlon competitors
* Intel Pentium III, Pentium 4, and Celeron
* VIA C3 and C7
* Transmeta Efficeon
upercomputers
The fastest supercomputers based on AthlonMP:
*Rutgers University, Department of Physics & Astronomy. Machine: NOW Cluster — AMD Athlon. CPU: 512 AthlonMP (1.65 GHz). Rmax: 794 GFLOPS.
ee also
* List of AMD Athlon 64 microprocessors
* List of AMD Athlon microprocessors
* List of AMD Athlon XP microprocessors
* List of AMD Sempron microprocessors
References
External links
* [http://www.cpu-collection.de/?tn=0&l0=co&l1=AMD&l2=Athlon cpu-collection.de] AMD Athlon processor images and descriptions
* [http://www.amdboard.com/amdid.html amdboard.com] AMD Athlon/Duron/Sempron CPU identification and OPN breakdown
* [http://www.amd.com/gb-uk/assets/content_type/DownloadableAssets/K7_Electrical_Specification_Rev_ENG. pdf AMD’s Technical Specifications] for 7th generation CPUs (.pdf)
* [http://www.ocinside.de/html/workshop/amd_a64_product_id.html Easy identification with Interactive AMD product ID]
* [http://balusc.xs4all.nl/srv/har-cpu-amd-k7.php AMD Athlon technical specifications]
* [http://www.xbitlabs.com/articles/cpu/display/amd-athlon.html#sect0 Xbit Labs EV6 vs GTL+ System Bus]
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Security vulnerabilities found in Intel and AMD processors
Security researchers have discovered vulnerabilities in Intel and AMD processors that may lead to information disclosure.
Most Intel 10th, 11th and 12th generation processors are affected by a new vulnerability that the researchers have named ÆPIC Leak. The vulnerability is an architectural bug according to the researchers, which sets it apart from Spectre and Meltdown vulnerabilities that have haunted Intel and AMD in the past years.
AMD Zen 2 and 3 processors are affected by a security vulnerability that the researches named SQUID. It is a side channel attack that is targeting CPU schedulers.
The following paragraphs provide a high-level overview of both security issues. We provide links to the research papers and security advisories released by Intel and AMD.
Most home devices with affected processor models should be safe, as the attacks have certain requirements that make attacks on home systems unlikely.
ÆPIC Leak: important resources
- Intel Security Advisory
- Intel list of affected processors
- Research Paper
Security researchers from Sapienza University or Rome, Graz University of Technology, Amazon Web Services, and CISPA Helmholtz Center for Information Security published the research paper ÆPIC Leak: Architecturally Leaking Uninitialized Data from the Microarchitecture recently.
The name is derived from the Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller (APIC) and affects all Intel processors that are based on the Sunny Cove architecture. In particular, Ice Lake and Alder Lake processors are affected.
Attackers may exploit the vulnerability to retrieve data from the cache hierarchy. Without going into too many details — the research paper provides all the technical information needed — Æpicleak exploits a bug in Sunny-Cove based processors. When reading data on Sunny-Cove based CPUs, stale data from the superqueue is returned; this is not by design, as it should result in undefined behavior instead according to Intel.
The researchers note that the returned data is not restricted to security domains.
The uninitialized data returned from ÆPIC Leak is not restricted to any security domain, i.e., the origin can be userspace applications, the kernel, and, most importantly, SGX enclaves.
Experiments confirmed that the superqueue is used «as a temporary buffer for APIC requests». The superqueue contains recent memory loads and stores, and the APIC «only overwrites the architecturally-defined parts of the register and leaves the stale values in the reserved part».
In other words, attackers may exploit the bug to read data, including AES-NI keys from SGX enclaves.
Several different attack techniques are described in the research paper:
- Leaking data and code pages — The most straightforward attack type combines «Enclave Shaking and Cache Line Freezing» to «leak data (and code) at rest of an SGX enclave.
- Leaking register values — Attack targets a specific cache line to reconstruct the value of the register.
How to look up the processor generation on Windows
Windows users may do the following to check the processor generation of Intel processors:
- Open the Start Menu.
- Type System Information.
- Load the System Information result.
- Check the value of the processor entry, and there specifically the first or the first two digits after the dash, e. g., Intel Core i5-1035G1 is a 10th generation processors.
Sunny-Lake based processors are not vulnerable to Meltdown attacks.
Mitigations and fixes
The vulnerability requires root or administrative level access to the machine to exploit the vulnerability. Most home systems should be safe because of that, but it is still recommended to install updates once they become available.
Æpic Leak requires a hardware fix according to the researchers. They assume that the fix should not be too complex, as older processors are not affected by the issue. The research paper lists several mitigation suggestions, ranging from disabling SGX to disabling caching for EPC.
Intel reveals on the 2022.2 IPU — Intel® Processor Advisory support page that customers should install the latest firmware versions provided by the system manufacturer to address the issue. Intel plans to release SGX SDK updates once the public embargo is lifted.
Intel has released microcode updates for affected processors that are already available on the company’s public GitHub repository.
AMD processors affected by SQUIP vulnerability
A new research paper by researchers from Lamarr Security Research, Graz University of Technology and Georgia Institute of Technology have discovered a new vulnerability affecting certain AMD processors.
Resource links:
- Execution Unit Scheduler Contention Side-Channel Vulnerability on AMD Processors
- SQUIP: Exploiting the Scheduler Queue Contention Side Channel
The linked research paper provides technical details on the vulnerability. Researchers discovered a vulnerability in CPU schedulers of affected AMD processors. SQUIP is the first side-channel attack on scheduler queues, according to the research paper.
The SQUIP attack observes the occupancy level from within the same hardware core and across SMT threads.
An attacker could extract sensitive data from a co-located victim in under 45 minutes, according to tests performed by the research team.
Hardware and software mitigations are suggested in the research paper. One of the easier options is to deactivate SMT or to prevent that processors from different security domains from running co-located on the same core.
The following processors are affected by the vulnerability:
- AMD Ryzen 2000, 3000 and 5000 series
- AMD Ryzen 4000 and 5000 with Radeon graphics series.
- 2nd and 3rd generation AMD Ryzen Threadripper processors.
- AMD Ryzen Threadripper PRO processors.
- AMD Athlon 3000 mobile processors with Radeon graphics.
- AMD Ryzen 2000 mobile processors.
- AMD Ryzen 3000 mobile processors.
- AMD Ryzen 3000, 4000 and 5000 processors with Radeon graphics.
- AMD Athlon 3000 series with Radeon graphics. (Chromebook)
- AMD Athlon mobile processors with Radeon graphics. (Chromebook)
- AMD Ryzen 3000 series processors with mobile graphics. (Chromebook)
- 1st, 2nd and 3rd generation AMD EPYC processors.
AMD users may use System Information to look up the processor. Other options include opening Settings on Windows 10 or 11 devices, and to select System > About to display the processor make and model.
AMD does not plan to release any kernel mitigations or microcode updates for affected processors. Instead, the company offers the following recommendation:
AMD recommends software developers employ existing best practices1,2, including constant-time algorithms and avoiding secret-dependent control flows where appropriate to help mitigate this potential vulnerability.
Summary
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Computer Processor Types — iFixit
A few years ago, choosing a processor was pretty straightforward. AMD and Intel each produced two series of processors, a mainstream line and a budget line. Each company used only one processor socket, and there was a limited range of processor speeds available. If you wanted an Intel processor, you might have a dozen mainstream models and a half-dozen budget models to choose among. The same was true of AMD.
OEM Versus Retail-Boxed
To further confuse matters, most AMD and Intel processors are available in two types of packaging, called OEM and retail-boxed. OEM processor packages include only the bare processor and usually provide only a 90-day warranty. Retail-boxed processors include the processor, a compatible CPU cooler, and a longer warranty, typically three years.
A retail-boxed processor is usually the better deal. It typically costs only a few dollars more than the OEM version of the same processor, and the bundled CPU cooler is usually worth more than the price difference. But if you plan to install an after-market CPU cooler for example, because you are upgrading your system to be as quiet as possible it may make sense to buy the OEM processor.
Nowadays, choosing a processor isn’t as simple. AMD and Intel now make literally scores of different processor models. Each company now offers several lines of processors, which differ in clock speed, L2 cache, socket type, host-bus speed, special features supported, and other characteristics. Even the model names are confusing. AMD, for example, has offered at least five different processor models under the same name Athlon 64 3200+. An Intel Celeron model number that ends in J fits Socket 775, and the same model number without the J designates the same processor for Socket 478. A Pentium 4 processor model number that ends in J says nothing about the socket type it is designed for, but indicates that the processor supports the execute-disable bit feature. And so on.
AMD and Intel each offer the three categories of processors described in the following sections.
Budget processors give up a bit of performance in exchange for a lower price. At any given time, AMD or Intel’s fastest available budget processor is likely to have about 85% of the performance of their slowest mainstream model. Budget processors are more than sufficient for routine computing tasks. (After all, today’s budget processor was yesterday’s mainstream processor and last week’s performance processor. ) Budget processors are often the best choice for a system upgrade, because their lower clock speeds and power consumption make it more likely that they’ll be compatible with an older motherboard.
The various models of the AMD Sempron processor sell in the $50 to $125 range, and are targeted at the budget through low-end mainstream segment. The Sempron replaced the discontinued Socket A Duron processor in 2004, and the obsolescent Socket A Athlon XP processor in 2005. Various Sempron models are available in the obsolescent Socket A and in the same Socket 754 used by some Athlon 64 models.
AMD actually packages two different processors under the Sempron name. A Socket A Sempron, also called a K7 Sempron, is in fact a re-badged Athlon XP processor. A Socket 754 Sempron, shown in Figure 5-1 is also called a K8 Sempron, and is really a cut-down Athlon 64 model running at a lower clock speed with a smaller L2 cache and a single-channel memory controller rather than the dual-channel memory controller of the Athlon 64. Early Sempron models had no support for 64-bit processing. Recent Sempron models include 64-bit support, although the practicality of running 64bit software on a Sempron is questionable. Still, like the Athlon 64, the Sempron also runs 32-bit software very efficiently, so you can think of the 64-bit support as future-proofing.
Figure 5-1: AMD Sempron processor (image courtesy of AMD, Inc.)
If you have a Socket 462 (A) or Socket 754 motherboard in your system, the Sempron offers an excellent upgrade path. You’ll need to verify compatibility of your motherboard with the specific Sempron you intend to install, and you may need to upgrade the BIOS to recognize the Sempron.
For more information about Sempron processor models, visit http://www.amd.com/sempron.
For many years, the Intel Celeron processor was the poor stepsister, offering too little performance at too high a price. Cynical observers believed that the only reason Intel sold any Celeron processors at all was that system makers wanted the Intel name on their boxes without having to pay the higher price for an Intel mainstream processor.
That all changed when Intel introduced their Celeron D models, which are now available for Socket 478 and Socket 775 motherboards. While Celeron D models are still slower than Semprons dollar-for-dollar, the disparity is nowhere near as large as in years past. Celeron D processors, which sell in the $60 to $125 range, are very credible upgrade processors for anyone who owns a Socket 478 or Socket 775 motherboard. Like the Sempron, Celeron models are available with 64-bit support, although again the practicality of running 64-bit software on an entry-level processor is questionable. Once again, it’s important to verify the compatibility of your motherboard with the specific Celeron you intend to install, and you may need to upgrade the BIOS to recognize the Celeron.
AVOID NON-D CELERON PROCESSORS
Celeron processors (without the «D») are based on the Northwood core and have only 128 KB of L2 cache. These processors have very poor performance, and unfortunately remain available for sale. The Celeron D models are based on the Prescott-core, and have 256 KB of L2 cache.
For more information about Celeron processor models, visit http://www.intel.com/celeron.
Mainstream processors
Mainstream processors typically cost $125 to $250 although the fastest models sell for $500 or more and offer anything up to about twice the overall performance of the slowest budget processors. A mainstream processor may be a good upgrade choice if you need more performance than a budget processor offers and are willing to pay the additional cost.
However, depending on your motherboard, a mainstream processor may not be an option even if you are willing to pay the extra cost. Mainstream processors consume considerably more power than most budget processors, often too much to be used on older motherboards. Also, mainstream processors often use more recent cores, larger L2 caches, and other features that may or may not be compatible with an older motherboard. An older power supply may not provide enough power for a current mainstream processor, and the new processor may require faster memory than is currently installed. If you intend to upgrade to a mainstream processor, carefully verify compatibility of the processor, motherboard, power supply, and memory before you buy the processor.
The AMD Athlon 64 processor, shown in Figure 5-2, is available in Socket 754 and Socket 939 variants. As its name indicates, the Athlon 64 supports 64-bit software, although only a tiny percentage of Athlon 64 owners run 64-bit software. Fortunately, the Athlon 64 is equally at home running the 32-bit operating systems and applications software that most of us use.
Figure 5-2: AMD Athlon 64 processor (image courtesy of AMD, Inc.)
Like the Sempron, the Athlon 64 has a memory controller built onto the processor die, rather than depending on a memory controller that’s part of the chipset. The upside of this design decision is that Athlon 64 memory performance is excellent. The downside is that supporting a new type of memory, such as DDR2, requires a processor redesign. Socket 754 models have a single-channel PC3200 DDR-SDRAM memory controller versus the dual-channel controller in Socket 939 models, so Socket 939 models running at the same clock speed and with the same size L2 cache offer somewhat higher performance. For example, AMD designates a Socket 754 Newcastle-core Athlon 64 with 512 KB of L2 cache running at 2.2 GHz a 3200+ model, while the same processor in Socket 939 is designated an Athlon 64 3400+.
NUMBERS LIE
The model numbers of Athlon 64 and Sempron processors are scaled differently. For example, the Socket 754 Sempron 3100+ runs at 1800 MHz and has 256 KB of cache, and the Socket 754 Athlon 64 2800+ runs at the same clock speed and has twice as much cache. Despite the lower model number, the Athlon 64 2800+ is somewhat faster than the Sempron 3100+. Although AMD hotly denies it, most industry observers believe that AMD intends Athlon 64 model numbers to be compared with Pentium 4 clock speeds and Sempron model numbers with Celeron clock speeds. Of course, Intel also designates their recent processors by model number rather than clock speed, confusing matters even further.
For more information about Athlon 64 processor models, visit http://www.amd.com/athlon64.
The Pentium 4, shown in Figure 5-3, is Intel’s flagship processor, and is available in Socket 478 and Socket 775. Unlike AMD which sometimes uses the same Athlon 64 model number to designate four or more different processors with different clock speeds, L2 cache sizes, and sockets Intel uses a numbering scheme that identifies each model unambiguously.
Older Pentium 4 models, which are available only in Socket 478, are identified by clock speed and sometimes a supplemental letter to indicate FSB speed and/or core type. For example, a Socket 478 Northwood-core Pentium 4 processor operating at a core speed of 2.8 GHz with the 400 MHz FSB is designated a Pentium 4/2.8. The same processor with the 533 MHz FSB is designated a Pentium 4/2. 8B, and with the 800 MHz FSB it’s designated a Pentium 4/2.8C. A 2.8 GHz Prescott-core Pentium 4 processor is designated a Pentium 4/2.8E.
Figure 5-3: Intel Pentium 4 600 series processor (image courtesy of Intel Corporation)
Socket 775 Pentium 4 models belong to one of two series. All 500-series processors use the Prescott-core and have 1 MB of L2 cache. All 600-series processors use the Prescott 2M core and have 2 MB of L2 cache. Intel uses the second number of the model number to indicate relative clock speed. For example, a Pentium 4/530 has a clock speed of 3 GHz, as does a Pentium 4/630. The 540/640 models run at 3.2 GHz, the 550/650 models at 3.4 GHz, the 560/660 models at 3.6 GHz, and so on. A «J» following a 500-series model number (for example, 560J) indicates that the processor supports the XDB feature, but not EM64T 64-bit support. If a 500-series model number ends in 1 (for example, 571) that model supports both the XDB feature and EM64T 64-bit processing. All 600-series processors support both XDB and EM64T.
For more information about Pentium 4 processor models, visit http://www.intel.com/pentium4.
Extreme Processors
We classify the fastest, most expensive mainstream processors those that sell in the $400 to $500 range as performance processors, but AMD and Intel reserve that category for their top-of-the-line models, which sell for $800 to $1,200. These processors the AMD Athlon 64 FX, the Intel Pentium 4 Extreme Edition, and the Intel Pentium Extreme Edition are targeted at the gaming and enthusiast market, and offer at best marginally faster performance than the fastest mainstream models.
In fact, the performance bump is generally so small that we think anyone who buys one of these processors has more dollars than sense. If you’re considering buying one of these outrageously expensive processors, do yourself a favor. Buy a $400 or $500 high-end mainstream processor instead, and use part of the extra money for more memory, a better video card, a better display, better speakers, or some other component that will actually provide a noticeable benefit. Either that, or keep the extra money in the bank.
By early 2005, AMD and Intel had both pushed their processor cores to about the fastest possible speeds, and it had become clear that the only practical way to increase processor performance significantly was to use two processors. Although it’s possible to build systems with two physical processors, doing that introduces many complexities, not least a doubling of the already-high power consumption and heat production. AMD, later followed by Intel, chose to go dual-core.
Combining two cores in one processor isn’t exactly the same thing as doubling the speed of one processor. For one thing, there is overhead involved in managing the two cores that doesn’t exist for a single processor. Also, in a single-tasking environment, a program thread runs no faster on a dual-core processor than it would on a single-core processor, so doubling the number of cores by no means doubles application performance. But in a multitasking environment, where many programs and their threads are competing for processor time, the availability of a second processor core means that one thread can run on one core while a second thread runs on the second core.
The upshot is that a dual-core processor typically provides 25% to 75% higher performance than a similar single-core processor if you multitask heavily. Dual-core performance for a single application is essentially unchanged unless the application is designed to support threading, which many processor-intensive applications are. (For example, a web browser uses threading to keep the user interface responsive even when it’s performing a network operation.) Even if you were running only unthreaded applications, though, you’d see some performance benefit from a dual-core processor. This is true because an operating system, such as Windows XP, that supports dual-core processors automatically allocates different processes to each core.
The AMD Athlon 64 X2, shown in Figure 5-4, has several things going for it, including high performance, relatively low power requirements and heat production, and compatibility with most existing Socket 939 motherboards. Alas, while Intel has priced its least expensive dual-core processors in the sub-$250 range, the least expensive AMD dual-core models initially sold in the $800 range, which is out of the question for most upgraders. Fortunately, by late 2005 AMD had begun to ship more reasonably priced dual-core models, although availability is limited.
Figure 5-4: AMD Athlon 64 X2 processor (image courtesy of AMD, Inc.)
For more information about Athlon 64 X2 processor models, visit http://www.amd.com/athlon64.
The announcement of AMD’s Athlon 64 X2 dual-core processor caught Intel unprepared. Under the gun, Intel took a cruder approach to making a dual-core processor. Rather than build an integrated dual-core processor as AMD had with its Athlon 64 X2 processors, Intel essentially slapped two slower Pentium 4 cores on one substrate and called it the Pentium D dual-core processor.
The 800-series 90 nm Smithfield-core Pentium D, shown in Figure 5-5, is a stop-gap kludge for Intel, designed to counter the AMD Athlon 64 X2 until Intel can bring to market its real answer, the dual-core 65 nm Presler-core processor, which is likely to be designated the 900-series Pentium D. The Presler-based dual-core processors will be fully integrated, compatible with existing dual-core Intel-compatible motherboards, and feature reduced power consumption, lower heat output, twice as much L2 cache, and considerably higher performance.
Figure 5-5: Intel Pentium D dual-core processor (image courtesy of Intel Corporation)
Reading the foregoing, you might think we had only contempt for the 800-series Pentium D processors. In fact, nothing could be further from the truth. They’re a kludge, yes, but they’re a reasonably cheap, very effective kludge, assuming that you have a motherboard that supports them. We extensively tested an early sample of the least expensive 800-series Pentium D, the 820. The 820 runs at 2.8 GHz, and under light, mostly single-tasking use, the 820 «feels» pretty much like a 2.8 GHz Prescott-core Pentium 4. As we added more and more processes, the difference became clear. Instead of bogging down, as the single-core Prescott would have done, the Pentium D provided snappy response to the foreground process.
For more information about Pentium D processor models, visit http://www.intel.com/products/processor/….
Table 5-2 lists the important characteristics of current AMD processors, including the special features they support.
Table 5-2: Table 5-2. AMD processor summary
Table 5-3 lists the important characteristics of current Intel processors, including the special features they support.
Table 5-3: Intel processor summary
SPECIAL FEATURES
Special features are not always implemented across an entire line of processors. For example, we list the Pentium D 8XX-series processors as supporting EM64T, SSE3, EIST, and dual core. At the time we wrote this, three Pentium D 8XX models were available: the 2.8 GHz 820, the 3.0 GHz 830, and the 3.2 GHz 840. The 830 and 840 models support all of the special features listed. The 820 model supports EM64T, SSE3, and dual-core operation, but not EIST. If a special feature listed as being supported by a particular line of processors is important to you, verify that it is supported in the exact processor model you intend to buy.
More about Computer Processors
Obvious Probable or «The Star and Death of Athlone Thorobred»
This article was submitted to our second competition.
1. Say a word about the poor athlone.
The computer market consists of two parts — the market for finished computers and the market for components for self-assembly or modernization of computers. Today, the situation in the first market share is such that Athlons are bought only because of low prices. Many buyers still know only one brand of processor — Pentium — and are very surprised to hear about the existence of «non-Pentium» computers. Vendors who, on duty, have to know about Athlon and Duron, for some non-objective reasons, prefer Intel products, categorically recommending Celeron and Pentium4 to buyers. Naturally, in this case we cannot talk about any serious level of sales of AMD products.
There are problems in the enthusiast sector too. Even if a person wants to buy an Athlon, having assessed the possibilities and price, they will try to dissuade him ten times from «well-read» friends and negligent sellers, intimidating them with the possibility of splitting the crystal during assembly, promising terrible heat and, as a result, an unexpected failure of the computer from overheating , accompanied by a host of other horrors. If an enthusiast is adamant, he will practically be forced to buy a turbojet cooler like Volcano 6CU+, which will further overshadow the joy of buying and can still make a person go over to the camp of atlon-haters.
This is such a bleak situation for AMD in our market, and it needs to take serious measures to improve it. Because no one will buy an Athlon if its price is approximately equal to the price of a Pentium4 of the same rating. Not so long ago AMD released the Athlon XP 2800+ and 3000+ based on the Barton core. This core is a long-awaited successor to the Palomino architecture and, in my opinion, will gradually force the Thoroughbred core out of the «productive» market sector. Thus, the Athlon XP 2800+ model, which AMD failed to mass-produce on the Thoroughbred core, will now be produced on the Barton core. And everything would be fine, but the prices for older models are so high that their release is still only a marketing ploy designed to stop the fall in AMD’s share price, but is not capable of bringing real profit.
2. Things of the past.
The appearance of the Athlon XP brought back to life the practice of labeling processors with a performance rating instead of a real frequency, which was practiced some time ago. By the way, the official decoding of the XP suffix sounds like eXtra Performance, which means «extra performance». So, according to AMD, the rating in the new Athlons with the Palomino core was calculated relative to the previous core — Thunderbird — however, it was clear to everyone that AMD had to take such unpopular measures due to the need to maintain parity in «boa length» with Intel Pentium4.
Indeed, the most significant change in the new kernel was support for SSE instructions, and in tasks that do not use these instructions, the old and new Athlones turned out to be equal. However, Palomino with a frequency of 1400 MHz was labeled as 1600+, i.e. we were assured that it is 14% faster than Thunderbird of the same frequency. Of course, this was not the case, but the «advanced» part of the buyers, when choosing a processor, was guided not by the marking, but by the test results, while the rest of the buyers — by the «parrots / price» ratio. Both the first and the second criteria were excellent compared to the Pentium4 based on the Willamette core, so no one was offended, and the market quickly got used to the fact that the Athlon XP frequency did not match the marking.
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However, when Intel mastered the release of the Pentium4 with the Northwood core, due to the finer manufacturing process, it received twice as much L2 cache, and due to copper connections (which AMD has been using for quite some time) also 50% — a new increase in the maximum frequency, AMD’s business went awry. She was unable to switch to the 0.13 micron process technology in time, and therefore she began to rapidly lose credibility in the eyes of buyers. When Intel switched its processors to the 133 MHz bus frequency, also practiced by AMD for a long time, Athlones lost all their advantages except for the most important one — the price. It was literally the final nail in Palomino’s coffin.
It should be noted that AMD has already been in a similar situation in the days of the first Athlon models, which were out of work after the release of the Pentium III Coppermine with an integrated full-speed L2 cache. Then AMD, tightening its belts, was waiting for the completion of the implementation of the 0.18 micron process technology, which allowed it to breathe deeply and win back a decent market share. History repeated itself, with one exception: AMD made a serious mistake in the design of the processor core, which did not allow the new Thoroughbred to noticeably exceed the maximum Palomino frequencies (although everything is relative, and revision A is capable of reaching frequencies above 2GHz). Re-designing, of course, took a considerable time, during which AMD was still rapidly losing ground. But in the end, revision B of the Thoroughbred core saw the light of day, and things seemed to be looking up.
In the meantime, Intel also did not sit idly by and improved production processes, as a result of which the Pentium4 reached a frequency of 3 GHz. But insidious Intel didn’t think that was enough, and in the older model Pentium4 3.06 it released a dormant genie for a long time — Hyper Threading technology, which makes it possible to increase the efficiency of the processor by executing commands «for two». Nevertheless, AMD’s assets still had a lower cost of processors, due to the smaller area of the core die, and the frequencies of the second Thoroughbred revision could reach 2.2 GHz. Having made a long-awaited transition to a system bus frequency of 166 MHz, AMD announced Athlones with ratings of 2700 and even 2800. But the latter, due to the extremely low percentage of crystals suitable for operation at such a high frequency, could not appear on the market.
AMD’s last chance to compete with Pentium4 was the release of the Barton core, which also had twice as much L2 cache, which was done. This is how the Athlon XP 2500+, 2800+ and 3000+ appeared, and formally it restored parity with Intel. However, Intel has another trump card up its sleeve — the 800MHz Quad Pumped system bus, which will further increase the performance of the Pentium4. Of course, AMD can do the same, but it’s too early to say with certainty. The FSB frequency of 200 MHz is currently supported by only one commercially available chipset — nForce2 — and even that is semi-official.
As I already mentioned, Barton should replace Thoroughbred in older models, and Thornton is preparing a replacement for younger models. Thus, Thorobred the Glorious, who restored AMD’s reputation and gave people who were not burdened with excess money the opportunity to get more performance for less money, will have to retire. However, this is clearly not a matter of tomorrow, and so far the «torik» (as he was dubbed by the people) is alive and able to fight.
3. What about overclocking?
If you already have this question, I hasten to reassure you: the lyrical part is over, it’s time to practice. Namely, overclocking Athlon XP to study its immediate prospects. So, the Athlon AXDA1700DU I bought was subjected to, if not extreme, but very intense overclocking, after which, in fact, this article was born. Along the way, I will reveal some technical details that «surfaced» during the process.
How do you usually find out the overclocking potential of a processor? They mount the most powerful cooler available on the processor, raise the voltage on the core to indecent and begin to storm the frequency heights. However, this method is at least not optimal, it is unsafe for the processor (we all remember the recently sensational NSDS — Northwood Sudden Death Syndrome 🙂 and has dubious theoretical value. You can find out what your processor is capable of in another way, which I have been developing and testing for several years, but for the first time I am making it public.
The processor frequency is always limited by a certain ceiling, determined by the production technology, the quality of a particular crystal, temperature, and, finally, the core supply voltage. Moreover, the maximum frequency is a function of the supply voltage, sometimes linear, but more often power-law. Take a look at the graph from the above mentioned Athlon XP 1700+:
It is clearly seen that at a frequency slightly below 2000 MHz there is a break in the graph, i.e. after a frequency of 2 GHz, the effect of increasing the voltage decreases. The maximum operating frequency of my processor copy was 2100 MHz, after which the increase in voltage within reasonable limits did not allow Windows to be loaded. Actually, this is the ceiling above which this instance will not work under any sauce (cryogenic installations are not within the scope of my competence :-). Here are the exact numbers of the overclocking results (it was produced on the EPoX 8RDA motherboard, for convenience the multiplier was lowered to 10, at a given voltage the maximum frequency at which the processor allowed loading Windows 9 was recorded8 and engage in non-resource intensive tasks):
Please note that the results are recorded from the maximum frequency down. I deliberately changed the frequency and voltage from maximum to minimum in order to warm up the crystal more and get more life numbers. The actual processor frequency was determined using Frank Delattra’s CPU-Z, and the voltage was controlled using Alfredo Comparetti’s Speedfan. The motherboard did not allow to lower the voltage below 1.4V, but, using the approximation capabilities built into Excel, we will be able to view the picture both in the infrared and in the ultraviolet range 🙂
Please note that when the voltage reaches 2V, the frequency increase stops, so there is no reason to raise the voltage above 1. 9V. Increasing the voltage leads to a significant increase in processor heat, and this should always be remembered. If you use conventional air cooling, then an increase in heat dissipation will lead to an increase in processor temperature, which, in turn, will lead to an increase in internal resistance and, as a result, an increase in voltage drop across the circuit elements. In other words, an increase in voltage provokes its further increase and a vicious circle is obtained, which can be broken only by the use of special cooling systems. Therefore, you should not get carried away by increasing the voltage, especially since to determine the potential of your processor, it is enough to make several measurements in gentle conditions and build a graph. You can quickly figure out which of several processor instances is more overclockable, even without overclocking the processor, but simply by reducing the voltage at a constant frequency!
As for the older Athlon XP models operating at frequencies above 2GHz at a standard voltage of 1. 65V, they are selected from the same crystals precisely for their ability to operate at higher frequencies and the graph for them will be exactly the same, except for the values along the ordinate axis . The difference in frequencies of seemingly the same crystals is explained by the purity of the semiconductor and microdefects in the crystal structure. The «cleaner» the crystal turned out, the higher the frequency it can operate at a given voltage. Of course, an increase in voltage will allow them to show better results than the younger crystals left after «screening out».
Now take another look at the above graph. Even such, by no means an outstanding example (the official Thoroughbred frequency limit is 2250 MHz) can operate at its native frequency of 1467 MHz already at a voltage of 1.25V! Of course, to achieve stability under load, this voltage will have to be slightly increased (for example, at 2 GHz, stability was achieved at a voltage of 1.73V), but in this case, the processor easily overcomes the 1800 MHz bar at default voltage, which corresponds to a rating of 2200+! So why is AMD releasing lower rated models? You will find the answer to this question below.
4. Where does the rating come from?
Before turning to the conclusions about the prospects of Athlon XP, I want to tell you about the rating system. Once upon a time, Intel added a CPUID identification command to processors. In early processors (i486DX4, Pentium), this function reported only model codes (Family, Model, Stepping) and manufacturer name (GenuineIntel). Later, the feature list grew to include cache and TLB information, as well as advanced vendor-specific features. One of these functions allows you to ask the processor for its name (and not codes, as before), which, among other things, includes the model number. However, if the Pentium4 returns the name that was hardwired into it at the factory (for example, Intel(R) Pentium(R) 4 CPU 1.80GHz), then the result returned by Athlon XP is calculated depending on the current processor frequency.
Once upon a time I became a happy owner of a new at that time Athlon XP 1500+ and, of course, could not resist the temptation to overclock it. And I was quite surprised to see that the above-mentioned identification string changes depending on the frequency of the processor. I was even more impressed by the transformation of my Athlon XP into an MP (on the first Athlon XP models, the ability to work in dual-processor boards was not blocked, and EPoX motherboards can detect this). And until recently, I was firmly convinced that the processor itself recognizes its mode of operation and presents itself depending on the situation. The first doubts crept into my head only when preparing this article, when I saw these «miracles»:
This table should be read like this: starting from 1270 MHz, the processor identifies itself as AMD Athlon(tm) XP 1500+ and continues to return this name up to 1380 MHz, when the name changes to AMD Athlon(tm) XP 1600+. At frequencies below 1270, as well as from 1630 to 1690 and from 1840 to 1940, the processor refused to give its rating. You can see more clearly all the originality of the rating calculation in the following diagram of the dependence of the rating on the frequency:
Unfortunately, I did not manage to see the inscription AthlonXP 2700+ — AthlonXP 2600+ kept up to a frequency of 2160 MHz, and my copy refused to start up higher. By the way, I also failed to set the multiplier required for older Athlon models above 12.5. Could it be that the 2700+ and 2800+ processors are not exactly identical to their smaller counterparts?
So we’re seeing an amazing fermentation of frequency ranges, the widest being the 2400+, 1500+ and 2600+ rating ranges, and the narrowest 2000+. Suspicions that «something is wrong here» made me start searching. And I found mentions that the identification string changes during overclocking, not for everyone! The rest was a matter of technique: I just checked how a similar processor would behave in another motherboard. Up to 1900+ inclusive the behavior was absolutely identical and I almost stopped the experiment. However, at a frequency of 1640 MHz, where my processor «lost» the rating, it was called 2000+! So, after all, the rating depends on the board, and not on the processor.
Even more convincing evidence was the «software» overclocking with Gigabyte Easy Tune. The rating remained the same as it was set when loading. Thus, the processor name for the CPUID function is programmed by the motherboard BIOS at the initialization stage. This is done through special status registers (MSR). I could not find out the numbers of these registers — the information is closed under the non-proliferation agreement (NDA). Of course, they can be recognized by digging through the BIOS code with a disassembler, but this is a titanic work that no one has dared to do yet.
5. Model range and prices.
Non-strict frequency dependence of the rating allows AMD to adjust it to various bus frequencies and multipliers, which is clearly seen in the example of such a 2600+ model released for both 266 and 333 MHz bus. Here is the frequency and rating table for Athlon XP with Thoroughbred core:
Hypothetical models are highlighted in gray in the table. Obviously, since the frequency of 2250 is difficult to achieve at the nominal voltage, Athlon will not be able to reach the frequency of 2267 MHz, but the younger versions with a bus frequency of 166 MHz deserve the most serious attention. In particular, the 2200+ model with a frequency of 1833 MHz would be a good competitor to the Pentium4 2.26 and, I believe, may well see the light of day.
So what does AMD need to do to succeed in the market, and what exactly is not desirable to do? AMD’s main trump card was and will remain the price, but sometimes it goes too far, sometimes giving away processors for almost nothing and losing possible profit, sometimes setting prices higher than those for Pentium4 and not making a profit at all. Therefore, first of all, it needs to adjust the prices of its products. Thus, a Pentium4 with a frequency of 1.80 GHz today costs about $150, and an Athlon of the same frequency (2200+) is only 106, significantly outperforming its competitor in performance. Reverse example — Athlon XP 2800+
Recently there was a mutual reduction in prices for processors, after which we can directly compare the prices of Pentium4 and Athlon XP.
As you can see, Intel is phasing out the production of junior Pentium4 models at an accelerated pace, while AMD continues to sell junior models at bargain prices! And this is despite the fact that the yield of crystals suitable for at least the 2000+ rating is huge!!! This is AMD’s second error to date. In a good way, AMD should be made the entry-level Athlon XP 2000+ with a price of about $100, while today’s price for this model is less than $85. If we bring all the price data into one table (retail prices were mainly taken from the price list of the F-Center), we will see the following:
Now it’s clear that the prices for Barton 2800+ and 3000+ (while this article was being written, the 2600+ model has fallen in price to an acceptable level) must be reduced by at least 10%, otherwise they will not be sold at all. Of course, I understand that the output of crystals at a frequency of more than 2 GHz is small, but it exists and such processors should be sold. And when their prices are comparable to Pentium4, for the reasons mentioned above, the buyer will prefer Pentium4. As the saying goes, better is a tit in the hand… AMD has set a very correct price for a 2400-rated processor, but the same mess begins below: the 2200+ model could have been perfectly sold at a price of about $130, but it only costs $106. And the reason AMD is so underpriced is Celeron.
Low-end Intel processors with only 128KB of cache memory are selling quite well today, and the exceptionally magical influence of the Intel brand helps them in this. The Athlon XP 2000+, of course, can easily deal with the Celeron 2.00GHz in most exercises, however, in order not to miss out on potential customers, AMD continues to release junior Athlon XP models, pricing them in line with Celeron prices:
So the low prices for the junior Athlon XP have quite good reasons. Given this fact, I see the prospects for the AMD processor line as follows:0004
Transferring the older Barton to the 200MHz bus will allow it to get the performance it lacks in Pentium4 3.06 due to faster memory and a slightly higher frequency (2200MHz versus 2167 at 166MHz FSB). A 10% price cut for all models older than 2600+ will increase their attractiveness in the eyes of the buyer, and the 2200+ model with a 166 MHz bus frequency will be in demand by the market and can bring real profit, unlike the younger Athlon XP, which AMD has to sell almost at cost .
That, in fact, is all that I wanted to bring to you with this long and confusing story :).
This article was submitted to our second contest.
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Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation
Stary Oskol Technological Institute. A.A. Ugarova (branch) of the Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution higher education “National Research Technological University“ MISIS ” Oskol Polytechnic College NMS OPC Protocol No. 1 _ 9000 «28» September 2016 . Fundamentals of architecture, device and functioning Specialty 09. 04 Information systems (in the industry)
9000 9000 9000 9000.
Compiled : 9000 : Contents 0140 computing systems 1 Methodological instructions for practical works 1 Old Old Old Old Old Spring 1 Introduction 4 Practical work No. 1 Practical work No. 2 Practical work No. 3 Practical work No. 4 Practical work No. 5. Practical work No. 6 Practice #7 Practice #8 Practice #9 Practical work N10 Practical work N11 Topic: Programming of input 70 Practical work No. 13 Practical work №14 Practical work No. 15 A practical lesson is a form of organization of the educational process, which involves the execution by students on assignment and under the guidance of a teacher of one or practical tasks. They form an important part of the professional practical training of specialists. Purposes of practical work: — consolidation of knowledge on the theoretical foundations of architecture, design and operation of computing systems; — obtaining practical skills in working on computers, debugging and testing programs. These guidelines are intended for students of the specialty 230401 Information systems (by industry), studying the Fundamentals of architecture, design and operation of computer systems. The instructions contain 15 practical activities. Their content complies with the content and requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard in the specialty of secondary vocational education 09.02.04 Information systems (by industry), taking into account the relevant basic educational program. To perform practical work, software environments are required: the integrated Electronics Workbench package, the CompModel simulator, Speccy, turbo debugger, as well as the element base. Tasks and questions of guidelines correspond to the level of preparedness of students for the study of this discipline, who have knowledge of physics, mathematics and computer science. The guidelines define the goals, requirements for completing tasks and submitting a report, provide control questions for self-study, and recommend literature sources. |
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Informatics lesson on the topic «Number systems. Positional and non-positional … Formation of ideas about information as one of the three fundamental concepts of science — matter, energy, information, based on . .. |
The third eye “sofia” 2000 Translation: V. Trilis Editor: V. Trilis Cover:… The need to make a new translation of The Third Eye, one of the most famous books in the world, presented us with an absolutely unexpected… |
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Write a program in avr assembler and debug in avr studio that implements… Add two unsigned BCD numbers. Number bytes are sequentially input from ports a and B. Result bytes… |
Practical work No. 1 Learn how to translate numbers into the number systems used by computers, calculate the amount of information occupied by data and be able to … |
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(on assignment of lands) that are in private ownership, in cases established by the current legislation, … | 1 general safety requirements In order to properly organize the briefing, training in safe working methods and testing knowledge of labor protection among workers, . .. |
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Terms of reference for the implementation of a set of works under the project «Reconstruction … Transfer of boiler units st. No. 1 — 3 of the Severodvinsk CHPP-2 for the combustion of natural gas with the installation of an information and control system … |
Fromm E. F91 Anatomy of human destructiveness: Translation / Avt entry art. P. S. Gurevich Translation of Candidate of Philosophy E. M. Telyatnikova Translation of «Appendices» by Candidate of Philosophy T. V. Panfilova General version of the translation of Dr. Philosoph… The theme of our graduation work is «Translation of English oral speech into Russian» |
Brief algorithm of work in MIS .. | |||
Anastasia Kuzyakova Kristina “qualification” was written: “linguist, translator”, otherwise you will have to prove your competence much longer. And such a qualification … |
Work program of the discipline (module) m 3 «Written translation and transformation . .. «Fundamentals of the theory of the English language», «Theory of translation», «Practical course of the English language», culture of verbal communication… |
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Test translation No. 22 Please fill in all the items of the questionnaire and send the completed translation to test@swan-swan ru |
Thomas Woods Collapse Translation is dedicated to Larisa Piyasheva Translator Dedicated to… Edward Shpak. (Pre-published without editing or proofreading.) |
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Sco: System Administrator’s Guide The software described herein is developed under license agreements or public agreements. It is copy protected… |
Procedure for filling out Applications for the transfer of foreign currency provided by… Requirements for filling out the Application for the transfer of foreign currency (Appendix 1) on paper (hereinafter referred to as the Application) |
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Mac OS X 10.10, 10.11, 10.12, and 10.13 |
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System requirements for various operating systems
Linux ® |
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1 See below for FlexNet License Manager ® on Linux ® .
Help on Linux
The following packages are required to access Help on Linux software
If these requirements are not met, COMSOL fails to access Help
FlexNet License Manager
®
The system requirements for the License Manager are the same as for COMSOL. On Windows ® platforms, FLEXnet 11.13.1.4 is used. and version 11.13.1.3 on Linux ® and macOS. The version of lmgrd must be at least the version of FLEXnet used by COMSOL.
FlexNet License Manager for Linux
Requires the Linux Standard Base (LSB) on the Linux license server.
If the main LSB package is not in the distribution repository, create a symbolic link yourself as root:
ln -s /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 /lib64/ld-lsb-x86-64.so.3
Distribution | Required packages |
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Debian ® | lsb core |
Ubuntu ® | lsb core |
Red Hat ® | redhat-lsb |
SUSE ® | lsb |
Application Development Environment
The Application Development Environment is only supported on the Windows operating system ® .
Parallel requirements
Windows ® | Linux ® | ||
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Shared memory parallelism | All supported versions of Windows ® | All supported versions of Mac OS X | All supported Linux distributions ® |
Distributed memory parallelism |
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Not supported |
All machines in a cluster must run the same version of Linux ® and have similar equipment. OpenFabrics Enterprise Distribution (OFED) version 1.5.4.1 or higher is recommended. When using networks with RDMA topology, a compatible driver or library with DAPL version 1.2 or higher is required. This software is usually supplied with the hardware. |
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COMSOL is a member of the Intel® Cluster Ready Program. We certify COMSOL Multiphysics with every new release. View certificate. The certification process ensures that COMSOL Multiphysics runs reliably in parallel computing and cluster simulation on any Intel Cluster Ready certified device.
Detailed information on running COMSOL Multiphysics ® and COMSOL Server™ in the cloud is available on this page.
Officially supported compilers
COMSOL Multiphysics ® provides C-based external interfaces for describing external functions, materials, external C libraries for the Application Builder.
Windows ® | macOS | Linux ® | |
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External function C | Visual Studio ® 2010 | Official support for Intel ® Composer XE 2013.3 (also known as Intel ® Compiler version 13.0.2) with GCC 4.2.1 | Official support for Intel ® Composer XE 2013.3 (also known as Intel ® Compiler version 13.0.2) with GCC 4.2.1 |
Java ® API | JDK 1.6, 1.7 or 1.8 | JDK 1.6, 1.7 or 1.8 | JDK 1.6, 1.7 or 1.8 |
COMSOL Multiphysics ® is built and tested using the above C/C++ compilers. More related versions of these compilers may also be compatible with external C interfaces. When using the COMSOL API with Java ® Client/server API with jar files specified in
Graphics System Requirements
COMSOL ® recommends using hardware rendering to improve performance. Hardware rendering requires drivers that support OpenGL® version 2.0. Windows 9 Users0212® can also use DirectX® version 9 on the local console. Hardware rendering requires at least 24-bit color graphics.
The Optimize for Quality setting in Graphics preferences requires OpenGL® 2.0. Software rendering also supports 16-bit color graphics. To improve performance, it is recommended to use a graphics card with at least 512 MB of memory.
AMD ®
Video card | Operating system | Driver version |
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Radeon™ Pro WX 5100 | Windows ® 10 | 17.Q4-Oct25 |
Radeon™ Pro WX 4100 | Windows ® 10 | 17.Q4-Oct25 |
Radeon™ Pro WX 4100 | Windows ® 7 | 17.Q4-Oct25 |
Radeon™ Pro WX 3100 | Windows ® Server 2016 | 17.Q4-Oct25 |
Radeon™ Pro WX 2100 | Windows ® 7 | 17. Q4-Oct25 |
FirePro™ W7100 | Windows ® 10 | 17.Q4-Oct25 |
FirePro™ W5100 | Windows ® 8.1 | 17.Q4-Oct25 |
FirePro™ W4100 | Windows ® 10 | 17.Q4-Oct25 |
FirePro™ W2100 | Windows ® 10 | 17.Q4-Oct25 |
NVIDIA ®
Video card | Operating system | Driver version |
---|---|---|
NVIDIA Quadro ® P600 | Windows ® 7 | 385. 90 |
NVIDIA Quadro ® M2000 | Windows ® 10 | 385.90 |
NVIDIA Quadro ® K2200 | Windows ® 7 | 385.90 |
NVIDIA Quadro ® K1200 | Windows ® 10 | 385.90 |
NVIDIA Quadro ® K620 | Windows ® 10 | 385.90 |
NVIDIA Quadro ® K620 | Windows ® 7 | 385.90 |
NVIDIA Quadro ® K620 | Windows ® 8.1 | 385. 90 |
NVIDIA Quadro ® K620 | Debian ® 9 | 384.98 |
NVIDIA Quadro ® K600 | Windows ® 10 | 385.90 |
NVIDIA Quadro ® K600 | Debian ® 8 | 384.98 |
NVIDIA Quadro ® K600 | Red Hat ® Enterprise Linux 7 | 348.98 |
NVIDIA Quadro ® K5000 | Windows ® 7 | 385.90 |
NVIDIA Quadro ® K4000 | Windows ® 7 | 385. 90 |
NVIDIA Quadro ® K2000 | Windows ® 7 | 385.90 |
Graphics cards listed above have been extensively tested for compatibility with COMSOL Multiphysics ® . Please note that other AMD or NVIDIA graphics cards may also be compatible with COMSOL Multiphysics ® . Other graphics cards in the above model series are likely to be compatible with the COMSOL Multiphysics ® .
For hardware acceleration on Linux ® , use drivers from the graphics card manufacturer, such as NVIDIA or AMD, otherwise use software rendering. The Nouveau video driver is only supported for software rendering.
3Dconnexion® SpaceMouse®
3Dconnexion® SpaceMouse® Devices are only supported on Windows ® COMSOL Multiphysics version ® . Use the latest drivers from 3Dconnexion.
Note:
This information is provided for your reference only and does not replace your need to understand the system requirements for running the COMSOL ® solution and other software that you may have under your circumstances. Systems and hardware change regularly, which can affect system requirements on a case-by-case basis.
Adobe and Acrobat are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Adobe Systems Incorporated in the United States and/or other countries. AMD, AMD Athlon, FirePro, and Radeon are trademarks or registered trademarks of Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. Debian is a trademark registered or trademark of Software in the Public Interest, Inc. in the United States. FlexNet is a trademark of Flexera Software LLC. GeForce, NVIDIA Quadro, and NVS are trademarks and/or registered trademarks of NVIDIA Corporation in the U.S. and/or other countries. Intel and Pentium are trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the U.S. and/or other countries. Oracle and Java are registered trademarks of Oracle and/or its affiliates. Red Hat and Red Hat Enterprise Linux are registered trademarks of Red Hat, Inc. Ubuntu is a registered trademark of Canonical Ltd. OpenGL is a trademark or registered trademark of Silicon Graphics, Inc. in the United States and/or other countries worldwide. OpenSUSE and SUSE are registered trademarks of SUSE LLC. Linux, Linux Standard Base, and LSB are trademarks or registered trademarks of Linus Torvalds in the U.S. and other countries. macOS is a trademark of Apple Inc., in the U.S. and other countries. Microsoft, DirectX, Visual Studio, Windows, and Windows Server are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. COMSOL AB and its subsidiaries and products are not affiliated with, endorsed by, sponsored by, or supported by these trademark owners.
The principles of auto-overclocking of modern processors, or how Intel and AMD are deceiving us
Instructions for overclocking the AMD processor
If you are friends with BIOS, check if it is on your computer and whether it supports this function. If you decide to use the program, download it only from the official website of the developer. This will give you a guarantee that it will become smooth, will work normally and will not “take along” malware.
AMD OverDrive
OverDrive is AMD’s official overclocking program, so there is no doubt about the possibility of overclocking processors.
- After starting the program, open the Performance Control tab and expand Clock/Voltage. You will see the speed at which the CPU is currently running.
- To start the overclocking function, scroll down and check Select all Cores.
- Move the slider in the CPU Core 0 Multiplier row and watch the speed change in the CPU Core 0 Speed item in the Current Speed column.
- If the system crashes, the desired speed may not match the voltage being applied to the processor. Try changing it: in the right part of the window, where the voltage data is displayed, try changing the position of the CPU VID regulator (the voltage change will be visible in the line of the same name in the Current Voltage column).
Be sure to monitor the temperature of the processor — if it exceeds 60 degrees, it is better to stop overclocking. It can be monitored on the Status Monitor tab in the CPU Status section.
When you bring the characteristics of the CPU to the desired, do not rush to save them, first test the performance of the CPU. To do this, go to PerformanceControl and run Stability Test. If everything works fine, save all settings.
SetFSB program
In order to correctly overclock the CPU with the SetFSB utility, you need to know the model of the clock generator. This data is available on the processor chip itself or on the manufacturer’s website.
- Run the program.
- In the Clock Generator drop-down list, select the model of your generator. A window with its parameters will open.
- Now you need to determine the actual clock frequency. To do this, start testing the generator — click the Get FSB button (next to Clock Generator). The clock rate will appear in the Current Frequency window. But the window below Select Frequency will show the new characteristic when you start overclocking. Immediately, the indicators of the two windows will be at the same level.
- Below, under the described windows, there is a knob, by moving which you will change the frequency parameters. First, increase the data by 100-150 units, and approaching the end of the settings — by 15-20. If you do this abruptly, the processor may fail due to sudden overload. Another problem that arises in this case is that the application itself can freeze, and the computer can be taken out of this state only through a reboot, and, most often, in an emergency. If this happens, wait until the disk is checked and the system rolls back to the last working state. If the automatic rollback does not work, do it manually (during the reboot, press F8 and, after going into safe mode, restart the system again).
Important! Every time you move the slider, check the CPU temperature and, if it’s overheating, quickly reduce the frequency to a level where the device’s temperature evens out to normal. To control t, you can use the AIDA64 program.
- Save your settings by pressing the Set FSB button.
Overclocking via BIOS
If your computer has a BIOS version that supports amd processor overclocking, you can do without downloading third-party utilities.
- Enter the BIOS — while restarting the PC, press one of the keys: F1 …, Del. You can determine your option using the selection method or ask the laptop manufacturer.
- After loading the program interface, find the Overclock Settings tab or with some other name (it all depends on the version), for example, CPU Booster. This section should contain an item responsible for overclocking the processor multiplier: CPU Clock Ratio, CPU Multiplier, Multiplier Factor, Adjust CPU Ratio…
After finding the desired item, increase its value by 1 (so the frequency will increase by 3.5 GHz).
- If the multiplier is locked in your processor, overclock the bus frequency. To do this, you need the Advanced tab. If there is none, look for the Overclock Tunner line, which is responsible for overclocking. Set this item to Manual and in the FSB Frequency menu that appears, change the bus frequency parameter.
After making the settings in the BIOS, the computer must be restarted for them to take effect.
How to overclock AMD Ryzen processors from a
motherboard You will find more overclocking options on a UEFI motherboard — this is the way I recommend to more experienced readers who would like to “squeeze” more megahertz out of their AMD.
As an example, I used the ASUS ROG Crosshair VIII Hero (WI-FI) motherboard. The methodology will be similar for boards from other manufacturers. The only thing is that the location of the menu and the names of individual functions may differ slightly, although the process itself. in general, it will look the same.
We go into advanced mode — all the necessary options can be found on the Extreme Tweaker tab.
Let’s start by changing the processor multiplier — it can be set for all cores (CPU Core Ratio) or separately for individual CCX units (CPU Core Ratio (Per CCX)). At first, I recommend increasing the value by 1x or 2x — if everything is stable, increase by another 1x and, thus, until the maximum available value is reached.
The next step is to increase the processor core voltage — a higher value will stabilize the clock frequency, but will lead to an increase in power consumption and an increase in temperature. Manual mode sets a fixed value, when in mixed mode, the value by which the voltage should be increased is set by default.
Starting at 1.25 V and increasing by 0.025 V if necessary (I do not recommend exceeding 1.4 V at home).
In some cases, it may be necessary to increase the SOC (processor) voltage to stabilize the synchronization process. It’s best to start at 1.00V, though I don’t recommend going over 1.20V at home. power loads. For overclocking at home, I do not recommend exceeding the average level (for example, on ASUS boards it is marked as level 3). Too high a value will result in a significant rise in temperature.
Finally save the settings and move on to checking the stability of the processor.
AMD Ryzen 5 3600 is sold with a small Wraith Stealth cooler that is unable to maintain acceptable temperatures after overclocking. If you are going to overclock the processor, then you should stock up on more efficient cooling.
Overclocking AMD Athlon
Athlon x2 CPUs have a fixed (locked) multiplier, so they can only be overclocked by changing the bus frequency. Such CPUs have a reserve of capabilities, but practice shows that by overclocking the amd athlon x2 processor, it is possible to increase the bus frequency by 10-15%, which does not particularly affect the performance of the entire system. Therefore, using the AMD Athlon CPU, you should pay special attention to the motherboard — buy a powerful one. Or are there boards (Abit KT7 and Soltek SL-KV75+, ASRock AM4 — bios beta version) that are compatible with 9 processors0866 Athlon and support their overclocking, both through changing the bus frequency and increasing the multiplier. To do this, use the DIP switches on such a motherboard or BIOS Setup.
There are processor models that are originally released with cut signal lines (in contact with the switches), which makes them impossible to use. But, if these cut bridges are carefully rubbed with a soft pencil, the functions will be restored.
Another nuance, in order for the CPU to overclock, you need to increase the voltage supplied to it. However, this should be done within 5-10%, no more — the manufacturer himself gives recommendations regarding the maximum allowable voltage:
Processor | Frequency, MHz | Minimum supply voltage, v | Standard supply voltage, v | Maximum supply voltage, V |
1.7 1.75 |
1.8 1.85 |
Do not increase the core supply voltage — this can give better results during overclocking, but the risk of its failure increases.
AMD FX processor overclocking
Considering that all AMD FX-marked CPUs can be overclocked, you can use any of the described methods. But, there is one problem — the strongest overheating even with a slightly increased load. Therefore, you can start overclocking only if a powerful cooler is installed on the CPU, or even better, water cooling. In this case, as stated by AMD, almost any processor in this line can be overclocked to 5 GHz.
AMD Ryzen 9 Overclocking0575
The preparatory stage is important for overclocking these processors.
- Cooling system. We need a very powerful cooler, since when overclocked to 4 GHz, its energy consumption, and hence heat consumption, immediately doubles.
- Early generations of AMD Ryzen processors only work with Samsung RAM cards (you need at least a memory chip from this manufacturer). Although, if you have a CPU from the latter, there should be no problems using other RAM.
- Overclocking is best done through BIOS:
- in some motherboards, you need to activate the Extreme Memory Profile mode, where its frequency parameter is set at 3200 MHz;
- it is important to monitor the processor supply voltage — if, after increasing the multiplier, problems appear, reduce the voltage (the maximum recommended voltage for these processors is 1.35 Volts).
Remember that if the motherboard is equipped with the load-line calibration function, it, under load, can significantly increase the voltage supplied to the processor core.
Wrapping Up
We have told you about three applications that you can use to overclock your AMD processor. You must make the final one yourself, based on the model of the processor and motherboard and personal claims. All three programs are different and the choice of a particular one may depend on the novelty of your hardware. If you have an old enough computer, then you can safely use ClockGen, if you have a newer one, your choice is SetFSB, and AMD OverDrive is basically universal. In addition, the capabilities of the applications also vary. For example, with ClockGen you can overclock the system bus, RAM and processor; SetFSB has the ability to identify PLLs, and using AMD OverDrive you can perform competent overclocking of the system and then check its quality. We urge you to initially study all aspects of how overclocking can affect your hardware, read about the rules for competent overclocking of the processor and the effect of increasing the frequency on the overall functioning of the system. Happy overclocking!
Found a typo? Select the text and press Ctrl + Enter
Changing the multiplier
The next method involves changing the multiplier — the factor by which the bus frequency is multiplied when calculating the overall (internal) indicator for the CPU.
This will not work for every chip — only for models unlocked with a multiplier, which usually have labeled Extreme.
The absence of an inscription indicates the impossibility of changing the multiplier and the need for overclocking only by increasing the frequency or voltage.
The process of increasing the indicator is the same as setting a new frequency, only a different value is changed.
Recommendations when changing the multiplier:
- do not set large numbers at once — it is advisable to increase by no more than 2 or 3 units at a time, checking after each;
- in case of violation of the stability of the CPU, reduce the indicator to the previous value;
- The maximum total increase value should not exceed 15% — the same as for frequency increase.
Resetting the multiplier to its original value may require a reset using the battery on the system board.
It must be removed and reinstalled. In this case, all changes made in the BIOS become equal to the default values.
Features of the Pildriver architecture on which AMD FX processors work
We will overclock to increase the minimum and average FPS in games, as well as the overall performance of the processor in professional applications.
The Achilles’ heel of the FX processor family is the memory subsystem in the form of an L3 cache, which does not allow the processor to load all logical threads in order to provide them with instructions.
Let’s take a closer look:
There are 4 modules on the chip, each of which contains 2 ALU blocks that are the main cores and 1 FPU block, a coprocessor for real numbers, which in turn consists of two FPU blocks, one for each ALU.
When using a single thread, only half of the FPU will be used. And only when using 2 threads, the FPU block will be used completely.
This is the reason for the low performance of FX per core.
For example, for Intel processors, one thread is enough to use the FPU block. Although the FPU performance of the FX is similar to Sandy Bridge.
In 2021, AMD paid out $12M for misinformation to FX processor buyers for so-called «mismarketing».
Although, technically, we have 8 cores, but 8 weak cores, which are similar in performance to 4 cores from Intel when using all 8 threads. But the FX has the advantage of 8 threads rather than 4 like its direct competitors i5 3570k. And in many threaded tasks, he feels better.
Here we come to the memory subsystem.
To pump data through all 8 logical threads simultaneously, the speed of the L3 cache and RAM is not enough for this architecture.
Need high bandwidth of RAM and L3 cache.
If we overclock only the processor frequency, we increase the speed of data transitions inside the processor, which affects the registers on the ALUs and FPUs, as well as the L1 cache. But L3 cache and RAM remain intact.
The L2 cache is fast enough to be the bottleneck.
But the L3 cache that runs at the CPU / NB frequency needs to be overclocked by increasing the frequency of the north bridge in order to increase the cache bandwidth.
Therefore, we need to overclock not only the core frequency, but the CPU-NB and RAM.
Let’s move on to the test configuration …
Laptop HP 14 14s-fq0091ur 14.
0″ FHD/ AMD Athlon-3150U/ 4Gb/ 256Gb SSD/ no ODD/ FreeDOS
igor 04/28/2021
Advantages:
For laptop HP 14s-fq0085ur, stuffing for 30800 rubles, just fire. work with the mouse and not pay attention to the jambs of the assembly. Unlike other reviews, there are no complaints about the body of this model. does not bend, does not creak, the lid is quite strong. Contrary to expectations (other reviews), the cooler also quietly rustles. in general, everything is pretty good. to the ips matrix, no complaints! I was pleased with the sound path (even without an equalizer), although there is practically no margin for volume
Drawbacks:
The keyboard and touchpad are poorly executed! . the buttons look extremely unreliable, at least one, ctrl, is already set crookedly. tach rumbles. disgrace. pre-installed junk, can not be attributed to the shortcomings, this is a common thing. the camera actually pulls on 0.3 mp, and not as stated 1. 0
Comment:
Its 30800 (managed to take at a discount of 3000 rubles) is definitely worth it! Keyboard backlight is missing, not critical.
Nikita 04/26/2021
Advantages:
For the money, a laptop with good characteristics
Disadvantages:
No keyboard backlight, cheap plastic case
Comment:
Let’s see how
will work Artyom Protsenko 04/23/2021
Advantages:
Thin, light, excellent screen, great for graphics programs (Adobe PhotoShop, Illustrator, Premier 2019) does not slow down. Just a godsend if you are into marketing, SMM or graphic design.
I’ll add the price as an advantage. For 45 thousand — this is not serious money for such a laptop.
Drawbacks:
Not bad for the laptop itself. I discovered that new laptops no longer come with a network port (RJ-45). It didn’t get worse from this, but if you work in an office and your printer is connected via a patch cord, then you won’t connect to it, or you will have to use a USB adapter.
Comment:
I took a laptop without much thought and evaluation, since the home computer I worked on died for a long time.
Without hesitation, I rushed to the store and after an hour of consultation, as well as the manager’s attempts to offer me more expensive options with a bias towards gaming, I chose this device. In most characteristics, it is either not inferior, or inferior, but slightly. At the same time, the difference in price will vary between 20-40 thousand rubles.
It works autonomously for 4-5 hours, if not heavily loaded. With graphic programs 3-3.5 hours. The screen colors are beautiful, juicy. Particularly pleased with the keyboard backlight in two modes (bright and moderate).
Very happy with the purchase.
ELENA S. 04/20/2021
Advantages:
Convenient, fast, compact
Disadvantages:
No faults
Airat G. 04/19/2021
Advantages:
Nimble, accurate, the charge lasts for a long time. The screen is slick. The characteristics are surprisingly good, I bought it for 49 thousand. Now, when the prices for laptops have grown incredibly, it is difficult to find an analogue in terms of characteristics, quality and price, I did not succeed.
Drawbacks:
So far so good, I’ve only been using it for 3 months. Let’s see what happens next
Comment:
Bought mostly for work. I did not try to launch games
Nik Erikov 04/15/2021
Advantages:
Light, fast for the price
Cons:
Keyboard layout non-standard
Comment:
Worth his money
Name hidden 04/13/2021
Advantages:
Works fast, windows 10 installed without problems. Took for 26k, for 8GB of RAM and 256GB of ssd the price is very good
Disadvantages:
Inconvenient touchpad, it is extremely difficult to work without a mouse. Weakly holds a charge, it takes 4-5 hours when watching videos and surfing the Internet. No backlight, but not critical, still 26k
Comment:
In general, it’s good, it’s the best thing for work
Anna Postupalskaya 04/12/2021
Advantages:
Budget friendly, small.
Drawbacks:
Until I noticed.
Comment:
That’s it for work.
Denis Gursky 11.04.2021
Advantages:
Lightweight, fast, lots of memory
Disadvantages:
Noisy
Comment:
An ideal laptop in terms of price-quality ratio.
ilyas latypov 04/09/2021
Drawbacks:
As if the key is about to fly out mute And so everything is good
Ser R. 04/05/2021
Advantages:
Review for 14s-fq0046ur (AMD Ryzen 5 4500U/16GB/512GB SSD)
Objectively top filling for an objectively low price of 45K for spring 2021. But at the same time, they saved absolutely everything else
Disadvantages:
— Flimsy, poorly assembled plastic case. In some places you can even see the burrs!
— As many have already written here before: a bad keyboard and a disgusting touchpad
— The main disadvantage is the extremely low quality display. The color reproduction is terrible. I compared it with my old (but still frisky) ASUS N46VB. The difference is colossal. HP, I was ready to forgive everything for this model, but not such a terrible display … Plus, a maximum of 110-120 degrees is revealed. I always want to move it forward. So you can tear off the loops in the park.
— All connectors on one side. Sometimes this decision is extremely inconvenient. Keep in mind
— Objectively, it makes a loud noise and heats up even at the most minimal load! Apparently, the cooling system was also saved properly
Comment:
That rare case when the candy was wrapped in a poop wrapper. Here is really top-end hardware with a disgusting body, display and peripherals. I am aware that the price of the device is the lowest on the market, but with all the top-end hardware, I could not endure these disadvantages, because. the usability of the device is buried tightly by HP. And it’s not a fact that in a couple of months the case, keyboard and touchpad will not simply fall apart, because. they are already in very mediocre condition. Gritting my heart, I handed over the laptop back to the store. Sadness…
I decided for myself that I was ready to pay 10-15K extra for another model without these shortcomings.
Conuror LASTol 03/31/2021
Advantages:
Powerful processor
512gb m2 ssd
ips screen
light weight
Disadvantages:
no usb type c charging
heats up noticeably under any tasks (even in idle mode)
8GB of RAM (it costs 2 dies of 4)
14 inches, some applications blur the picture due to scaling
Comment:
To carry a good device with you
Adrey N. 03/28/2021
Advantages:
Good day everyone!
1. Image brand.
2. The quality of the body and keyboard (soft, comfortable)
3. Availability of pre-installed software (W-10, Skype, antivirus, etc.)
4. Relatively low cost.
5. Representatives of HP monitor reviews of their products (I noticed before choosing a purchase)).
6. Various and convenient conditions for purchasing this model in the store (thanks ELDORADO!))).
7. QUICKLY REPAIRED! (thanks to the ARS service in Orel).
On this, ALL the advantages of this particular laptop end (IMHO).
Drawbacks:
And now the saga of disappointment.
I want to say right away that I have no complaints about the ELDORADO store. Trusting a solid brand and “inspired” by a long-awaited purchase, I voluntarily took this device from the store without checking it first, in its original packaging (why check? This is HP!))))
All «wingedness» began to wear off after the opening of the magic box and the beginning of its use.
1. It immediately became clear that the laptop does NOT catch wi-fi. Rather, it catches, but only 20-30 CENTIMETERS from the router. Having poyuzav in the internet, I found out that this sometimes happens, but … .. on old computers … .. Dancing with a tambourine in the form of additional installation-reinstallation of drivers (including Broadcom ones) did not give any result. I called the master to the house, he also turned out to be powerless, said that the issue was probably in the hardware. Given that the purchase is under warranty, naturally they did not climb inside. On the same day I took the laptop to an authorized HP service. They quickly identified the cause of the malfunction and eliminated it within one day (well done!). The presence of such a defect in the NEW computer surprised the masters. According to the available repair receipt, the wireless card was replaced on the laptop (PHOTO attached).
2. Over the next two days of using the laptop, it hung dully at least three times, while the task manager did not open. I had to turn off the power supply. As it turned out, he really does not like two or more browsers open at the same time, especially when you are watching a video on one of them. At the same time, crackles and freezes immediately appear in the SOUNDS …. Now you yourself can draw a conclusion about its «performance» ….
3. The absence of a shutter on the built-in camera (a very simple but useful feature).
4. The impossibility of connecting a SIM card (on even more budgetary NO-books, for example, asus, this possibility is available).
Comment:
5. THE VAST MOST OF THE REVIEWS published in this section DO NOT HAVE ANY RELATIONSHIP to this particular model. What I mean:
— there is NO RYZEN CPU in this model. Installed AMD Athlon Silver 3050U with Radeon……..
-the presence of 4 GB of RAM only states the modern budget minimum of a complete set.
— in this model there is NO KEYBOARD BACKLIGHT (by the way, this is not critical at all).
— there is NO IPS matrix here. Installed TN or its subspecies. Interestingly, which matrix is installed, the manufacturer himself hides this information from consumers. At the office it is not listed on the website (why do the Indians need extra information?) The employees of the store and services also do not have its characteristics.
— This model is presented only in one blue color (I personally liked it). Other colors of the model in the photographs attached to the reviews in this section indicate that people share their impressions about other subspecies of this HP model range, i.e. laptops with DIFFERENT CHARACTERISTICS.
6. Further is even more interesting. HP product support firmware (Support Assistens, by the way, a good program) identifies my product as HP Laptop 14s-fq0xxx. Yes, yes, CARL, exactly and only so. And the product marking, indicated in the store as HP 14s-fq0014ur, in the register of the manufacturer’s lineup at its office. The website is NOT AT ALL. At the same time, the product has its own product numbers (20C57EA#ACB) and serial numbers (5CD103N67N). What do the three crosses mean in the identification of the manufacturer of this device (HP Laptop 14s-fq0xxx), we — the Indians, can only guess … .. It is this laptop model that is sold ONLY in the ELDORADO network. No one else trades them (probably, they did not want to take risks …)).
You can draw your own conclusions about my «superficial» impressions. I don’t know, I personally, I’ll use it for a couple more days and if it continues to hang out, I’ll return it to the store without any regret about parting with the HP brand ……
P.S. Everything stated here is ready to be fully documented!
Name hidden 03/27/2021
Advantages:
Cost, first of all. I bought it to work on the Internet and prepare documentation on a laptop. Works fast enough, loads everything quickly. Of course, it is small, but easy to use.
Drawbacks:
Build quality, the feeling that the keyboard will fall apart. During operation, it periodically buzzes like an airplane. Not enough additional USB connectors.
Comment:
Pleased with the presence of installed Windows 10.
Vladimir 03/17/2021
Advantages:
Price, light weight, narrow matrix frames, viewing angle, Ssd speed. For everyday tasks, the best choice.
Drawbacks:
Not found yet
Comment:
I bought for work, I don’t play games, for my money the best choice.
Igor Sizov 03/15/2021
Advantages:
Lightweight, comfortable, great screen.
Maxim S. 03/04/2021
Advantages:
Small handy laptop
Disadvantages:
With 5% it quickly discharges and often I don’t have time to plug in the charging wire. So save yourself)
Comment:
What you need if you want to fit in a regular bag!
Name hidden 03/03/2021
Advantages:
Compact.
fast ssd.
Good price.
Excellent features for the price.
Drawbacks:
Loud operation of the cooling cooler.
Comment:
I bought my wife to replace the old laptop for study and programs for embroidery.
He does his job very well.
According to his wife, she has never received such a buzz from technology.
The small size, light weight and speed of the ssd made it possible to successfully complete the training.
The only unpleasant moment is the loud work of the cooling cooler.
Lyubov Petrova 02.03.2021
Advantages:
Charges fast and lasts a long time. Light. Very fast. Super screen.
Drawbacks:
Cheap plastic. Bad camera… but for the money — just super!
Andrey Varlamov 25.02.2021
Advantages:
Lightweight, fast, good hardware with a margin for office work, a nice monitor (eyes do not get tired), no Windows, respectively, the price is lower.
Drawbacks:
Not found
Comment:
I took the model HP 14s-fq0045ur (AMD Ryzen 5 4500U 2300MHz/14″/1920×1080/16GB/512GB SSD/AMD Radeon Graphics/DOS) for work. Satisfies all needs with a power reserve. A good device for reasonable money. For those who doubt — do not hesitate, take it
Roman K. 19.02.2021
Advantages:
-Iron and all stuffing.
Value for money = quality.
Especially — when snatched at the beginning of February 21st at the price of 2018
— Keyboard backlight 2-level
— screen and its brightness
— The plastic case is nice.
— ssd memory 512gb
-16 rams
— percent ryzen 5 4500u
-Great sound for a laptop. Not a poppy of course, but at the level straight.
— cooling outlet to the screen
-multitouch
-design
-buttons home, end, pg dn, pg up / like and + that they are available, but I’m used to 13ke that they are not. And having blind input, now they interfere with me, I click on them by accident, counting on the entire field of character arrangement. delete is not there))) But this is more and more a matter of habit.
-working time from Akum pleased
— webcam seems to be of normal quality
Drawbacks:
— video card (but everything is relative here too)
-very flimsy body. There is a fear of breaking it. For me, this is a real pain. (maybe I have a 2nd laptop NoName (yepo) Chinese, in which the top and bottom are aluminum, and the middle, in which both Touch and Klava is thin plastic. The lid hinges are attached to it … for a year the hinges were simply torn out by the root I had to drill through and fasten with bolts.but that didn’t help much either, everything cracked around.now I have it stationary))) aahah.)
I hope this does not happen here!) And I hope I didn’t scare you too much))
— because the body is flimsy, it is not known how long the assembly in which the lid hinges are fixed will last
-LUFT TACCHPADA!!!!!! for me this is the main jamb of this model
-When typing fast, the same touchpad rattles
— all interfaces on the right. I have a mouse on the right, well, guys. Sticking out flash drives and charging wires, headphones, hdmi cable and type-C are all on the right … This is useless from the word at all! On the left is only a flat flash drive and a pair of indicators
-Keyboard backlight is useless. Without backlight, characters can be seen better even in the dark with backlight from the screen. Because dark symbols are visible on silver. And when backlit, they merge with a light keyboard. + gaps under the buttons through which the diodes shine. A decent view only directly at a right angle from above.
-Plastic keyboard-so-so. The feeling that the paint will eventually be erased from the buttons.
-Klava does not bend much, but it does not stand still. Again, it’s a matter of plastic.
— The connection of the base of the case is in a prominent place — At the top along the edge. This I mean that if you open the laptop (and thanks to the touchpad you have to do this), then the slot where to pry off the plastic to snap off the latches of the halves of the case is right in front of your eyes. And if you leave some scratches or other damage, which is likely to be in the most prominent place on top.
In addition, since the slot on top is an additional place besides the keyboard, where moisture can get in case of spilled liquid on the laptop.
— noisy cooling
-Type-C does not charge
Comment:
As you already understood from the listed + and -, the assessment of this laptop is mostly from an ordinary user who bought a laptop, took it out and sees what he sees.
Which does not test hardware and its work, and so on.
I rate the laptop as an everyday machine for work. NOT FOR GAMES. Although I think he will calmly pull simple games.
Assessing the ease of use, ergonomics, practicality, potential for durability and stuffing, it deserves an overall rating of 3.5 no more. But adding here the price for which I took it, this rating automatically turns into 5 with minuses))) Because you can’t find such a stuffing for that kind of money now. And yes, let the body suffer a little, but the computer is smart.
Out of the box, it was without an OS.
-After installing 10ki, the screen brightness adjustment does not work. It is solved by installing firewood from the hp offsite site (out of 4 for graphics, select the first one)
— the non-working sound off button indicator starts working after installing firewood for sound from the same off site. also put 1st. No more firewood needed to be installed. Perhaps something else will pop up during operation.
Now for the main issue for me. This is the backlash and rattle of the touchpad. It freezes just no words how much. I’ll wait until the end of the warranty period and climb inside and fix it. Although there certainly are no seals, you can now. But I’m afraid of something with a guarantee to fly off.
And the backlash is solved only by mechanical correction. 1) the bolts are poorly tightened there 2) the metal antennae supporting the touchpad pad must be bent.
I don’t see the point in taking it out under warranty. since this is not a cant of my version, but a «factory defect» of all models. I bought 2 of these laptops, exactly the same symptoms. Yes, and in the reviews I read people also complain.
Although I like to use just touch, maybe 10 this laptop does not need a mouse 2) it is multifunctional and has more control options than a mouse. But I still bought an hp z3700 mouse in addition.
+ with Ali silicone case on the keyboard. The sound from it has become quieter, and now it’s not scary that it will get clogged with dust and crumbs.
margarita.prudnickova 18.02.2021
Advantages:
— Ergonomics: weight, form factor, design.
— Ryzen 4300 is a completely cold processor.
— Battery.
— Price
— Viewing angles
— Sound
Disadvantages:
~ The maximum screen opening angle is approximately 125-130 degrees, I would like more.
~ The cooler operates at a specific frequency, it’s like a small radioactive plane — not noisy, but obviously you will notice it, but it’s not distracting. I mean, I don’t want you to think it’s insanely noisy — no, it’s just kind of special.
Comment:
Ryzen 4300U is a very fast and cool processor. Vega 5 boosts itself up to 4.2 gigabytes.
Be sure to update the BIOS after purchase, then the cooler will turn on only during the load on the percent. However, if you are worried about the processor. then in the bios you can enable the constant operation of the cooler. On average, the temperature of the processor in such tasks as surfing, YouTube, working with documents is 35-50 degrees. The cooler turns on when it reaches 55 degrees.
Be sure to install AMD Adrenaline and turn off adaptive brightness in it, as it constantly changes screen brightness depending on what you are doing on the laptop. In theory, this should save battery life, but in practice, you will spoil your impression of the screen and will constantly notice how your brightness changes when you switch from text to video and back.
The device has a WD SN530 ssd, everything loads at lightning speed. RAM SK hynix HMA851S6CJR6N-VK, two sticks of 4 GB each with a frequency of 2666 Mhz. The RAM itself is expandable up to 16 GB. There is a place to install a second ssd format 2.5.
Design, it’s great. The body is made of plastic, tactfully pleasant, stylized as aluminum, behind the company’s mirrored HP logo.
The key travel is normal, not bad for sure, touch typing without problems, but still a little soft for me. The sound is surprisingly good. Weighing 1.3 kilograms, we can say that he weighs like a feather for his 14 inches. I will also add that there is a two-level keyboard backlight.
Compared to what competitors offer for this price tag, namely disposable devices with soldered RAM, this laptop has no analogues (it was bought for 35,000).
Vıctorıa S. 17.02.2021
Advantages:
Everything is fine
Disadvantages:
I don’t understand how to turn on the keyboard backlight. I look everywhere, it’s not clear.
vitaly u. 02/16/2021
Advantages:
Ips matrix
Dmitry K. 02/10/2021
Advantages:
Compact, everything flies
Drawbacks:
The cooling system whistles like a small plane. Complex installation of Windows
Comment:
Gives out 4k on the TV. Everything works
Vitaly Belitsky 09.02.2021
Advantages:
A good, light laptop, the valve works quite quietly, a good machine to drag to study.
Drawbacks:
Bios on hp as vsr*ty.
Comment:
I advise a laptop if you have brains
Nyutik 02/05/2021
Advantages:
Good laptop. Compact, but quite convenient for work. Very nimble. The sound is very good (I did not even expect).
Drawbacks:
No.
Nikita Alekseevich 01/28/2021
Advantages:
Good note for the money, but far from the best.
Drawbacks:
Vidyuhi is not enough discrete.