Heaven benchmarks: Heaven Benchmark Download (2023 Latest)

Home>Heavenly Sphere

Our eyes allow us to see the world around us stereoscopically. This means that we can, to a certain extent, feel the depth of the objects we are looking at. For objects several kilometers away, this ability decreases and we see a flat panorama. There is absolutely no depth in the sky. The luminaries, which are very distant from each other, for example, the Moon and some star, seem to the observer to be equidistant from him. In our perception, the sky is a giant sphere, and the stars located on it are at the same distance from us.
This celestial sphere, in the center of which is the Earth, is an imaginary spherical surface to which celestial objects are “glued”. And so we can think, observing the sky, that the distances from celestial objects to us are equal.

Celestial landmarks. One of the first problems skywatchers face is orienting themselves in the stars.
To do this, the stars are grouped into groups called constellations, which helps to feel at home in the sky. Over the centuries, different peoples, observing the stars, combined them into constellations in different ways, that is, the difference was in how they grouped these stars. This introduced some arbitrariness in determining the constellations and their boundaries. For convenience, it is better to have a universal set of constellations. Based on these considerations, the International Astronomical Union established at 1930 year conditional boundaries and names of 88 constellations covering the firmament.
However, there is no exact system of orientation in the constellations. Therefore, it is best to use celestial coordinates.

Altitude and Azimuth. Another very practical method of locating objects on the celestial sphere is the use of «altitude» and «azimuth». Height is defined as the shortest angular distance from the horizon to an object. Azimuth is the angular distance from the northern point of the horizon to the object, measured in an easterly direction. Together, these two quantities constitute the «horizontal coordinates». The advantages of such a coordinate system lie in the fact that the azimuths and heights of some objects are known, and therefore they can be found in the sky only by orienting themselves to the cardinal points. Its disadvantage lies in the fact that the height and azimuth are not absolute values, but depend both on the position of the observer and on the time of observation.

Movement of the celestial sphere. Due to the rotation of the Earth around its axis, the illusion arises that the celestial sphere rotates from east to west all night. This is because the stars appear in front of an observer from the east, gradually rise above the horizon reaching their maximum height, pass through the meridian (that is, above the southern point of the horizon — for an observer located in the Northern Hemisphere, for an observer located in the Southern Hemisphere — above the northern point of the horizon) and disappear over the horizon in the west. Let’s consider what an observer located in the Northern Hemisphere will see (for the Southern Hemisphere everything will be the same, only the north will change places with the south).

The south side of the horizon is where the movements of the stars are most noticeable, and conversely, on the north side, the stars seem to move very slowly until they line up with the North Star, which seems almost stationary. At this point, the imaginary axis of rotation of the Earth intersects the celestial sphere. All the other stars make a circular motion around the Polar Star with a period equal to the period of rotation of the Earth — 24 hours. Those that are closer to the Polar Star describe small circles, but the farther (to the south) the star, the larger the circle it describes , and, starting from a certain diameter, this circle partially goes beyond the horizon line. Therefore, some stars set in order to rise again after some time. Each constellation rises and passes through the meridian at different hours, depending on the season.
Part of the sky near the North Star is always visible — at any time of the night and year. Here are the so-called circumpolar constellations. The area of ​​the region occupied by circumpolar constellations depends on the latitude at which the observer is located. If it is located at the North Pole, all the stars are circumpolar, which means that the same part of the sky is always visible, regardless of time or date. Conversely, there is not a single circumpolar star at the equator. For this reason, if you have time and the opportunity to wait for the right hour and date, you can see any star more or less high above the horizon.
At mid-latitudes, such as in Italy, the circumpolar region covers only the part of the celestial sphere located between the North Star and the northern point of the horizon.

Purpose

Continuous course indication, determination of course angles and directions to various visible objects or celestial landmarks. Installed on surface ships.

Function and brief description.

The principle of operation is based on the property of the magnetic needle to be installed in the plane of the magnetic meridian.
The KMO-T compass has an optical path that allows you to transfer the image of the card scale and index to the wheelhouse.
Compass KMO-T has seven configurations:
— complete set No. 1 — on a high binnacle with optical transmission and electromagnetic compensator;
— complete set No. 2 — on a high binnacle with optical transmission without an electromagnetic compensator;
— complete set No. 3 — on a low binnacle without optical transmission with an electromagnetic compensator;
— complete set No. 4 — on a low binnacle without optical transmission and electromagnetic compensator;
— complete set No. 5 — on a low binnacle with an electromagnetic compensator;
— complete set No. 6 — on a low binnacle without an electromagnetic compensator;
— complete set No. 7 — on a tabletop.
The compass binnacle is a cylindrical body, which houses a pot with a magnetic system and a card, a deviation device, an electromagnetic compensator and elements of the optical path. Other elements of the optical path are placed in a special tube attached to the bottom of the binnacle (depending on configuration).
Power devices provide power to the card backlight and heat the glass of the optical path.
With the help of an adjusting board in compasses with an electromagnetic compensator, the currents in the compensator windings are regulated when the electromagnetic deviation is destroyed.
All compass configurations include a visual direction finder and a magnifying glass (in cases).

Technical data

Graduation value of the card scale 1°.
Reading accuracy ±0.5°.
Stagnation of the card is no more than ±0.2°.
The period of free vibrations of the card is 25 s.
Cauldron filled with 64% rectified ethyl alcohol in water. The freezing point of the liquid is minus 42°C.
Deviation Compensation Limits:
Semicircular ±66°;
— quarter ± 8.5 °;
— roll 60 A / m.
The optical path provides observation of readings on the card scale in daylight and darkness at a distance from the observer to the mirror of the optical path from 0.