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The AMD Catalyst™ Software Suite, AMD Catalyst™ 13.4 contains the following
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HIS 5570 Fan 2GB DDR3 PCI-E DVI/HDMI/VGA

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Title	Time	Size
AMD Catalyst 15.7 Technical Preview driver 15.20.1046 Windows 10 32-Bit Platform: Windows 10 32-Bit md5 a2997d7ff9ecf16686a4a57dedbfb4b3 amd-catalyst-15.7-win10-32bit.exe.zip	2015/7/20	161.6 MB
AMD Catalyst 15. 7 Technical Preview driver 15.20.1046 Windows 10 64-Bit Platform: Windows 10 64-Bit md5 1659102bbc73e9b30474b67c9216da97 amd-catalyst-15.7-win10-64bit.exe.zip	2015/7/20	236.4 MB
AMD Catalyst 15.7 Technical Preview driver 15.20.1046 Windows 8.1 32-Bit Platform: Windows 8.1 32-Bit md5 5486ac1b4049e718bff6f1e65939dffa amd-catalyst-15.7-with-dotnet45-win8.1-32bit.exe.zip	2015/7/20	216.1 MB
AMD Catalyst 15.7 Technical Preview driver 15.20.1046 Windows 8.1 64-Bit Platform: Windows 8.1 64-Bit md5 3016ce09e6efaf5e15acbb6e9e0da41b amd-catalyst-15.7-with-dotnet45-win8.1-64bit.exe.zip	2015/7/20	286.9 MB
AMD Catalyst 15. 7 Technical Preview driver 15.20.1046 Windows 7 SP1 64-Bit Platform: Windows 7 SP1 64-Bit md5 0096d494fbf899f28c28af42ab133a8c amd-catalyst-15.7-with-dotnet45-win7-64bit.exe.zip	2015/7/20	286.7 MB
ATI Catalyst: (ref. no: n/a, omega for Windows 8.1) Platform: Microsoft Windows 8.1 32/64-bit MD5: 8159d972bdb911e9b7dc360e4041b643 amd-catalyst-omega-14.12-with-dotnet45-win8.1.zip	2014/12/10	492.2 MB
ATI Catalyst: (ref. no: n/a, omega for Windows 7) Platform: Microsoft Windows 7 32/64-bit MD5: f15a5d7650c7222abb1bc5fec933ac45 amd-catalyst-omega-14.12-with-dotnet45-win7.zip	2014/12/10	500.9 MB
ATI Catalyst: 13. 4 ref. no: 1307) Platform: Microsoft Windows XP 32/64-bit Driver Verison: XP_9.00.100.10-130411a-154962C. Users must have Microsoft’s.NET Version 1.1 Framework prior to installing the ATI driver/Catalyst Control Centre (CCC) components. And suggested to update the window XP to SP3.	2013/5/30	194.2 MB
ATI Catalyst: 13.4 (ref. no: 1307) Platform: Microsoft Windows Vista & 7 & 8 32/64-bit Driver Verison: Vista_12.104-130328a-157485C. AMD Catalyst Control Center requires Microsoft .NET4 Framework. Windows Vista and Windows 7 users may need to install the Microsoft .NET4 Framework as a prerequisite to use Catalyst Control Center.	2013/5/30	255.5 MB
ATI Catalyst: 13.4 ref. no: 1306) Platform: Microsoft Windows XP 32/64-bit Driver Verison: XP_9. 00.100.10-130411a-154962C. Users must have Microsoft’s.NET Version 1.1 Framework prior to installing the ATI driver/Catalyst Control Centre (CCC) components. And suggested to update the window XP to SP3.	2013/5/10	194.2 MB
ATI Catalyst: 13.4 (ref. no: 1306) Platform: Microsoft Windows Vista & 7 & 8 32/64-bit Driver Verison: Vista_12.104-130328a-155980C. AMD Catalyst Control Center requires Microsoft .NET4 Framework. Windows Vista and Windows 7 users may need to install the Microsoft .NET4 Framework as a prerequisite to use Catalyst Control Center.	2013/5/10	257.8 MB
ATI Catalyst: 13.1 (ref. no: 1301) Platform: Microsoft Windows XP 32/64-bit Driver Verison: XP_9.00.100.2-121129a1-151724C. Users must have Microsoft’s.NET Version 1.1 Framework prior to installing the ATI driver/Catalyst Control Centre (CCC) components. And suggested to update the window XP to SP3.	2013/1/25	193.1 MB
ATI Catalyst: 13.1 (ref. no: 1301) Platform: Microsoft Windows Vista & 7 & 8 32/64-bit Driver Verison: Vista_9.012-121219a-151592C. AMD Catalyst Control Center requires Microsoft .NET4 Framework. Windows Vista and Windows 7 users may need to install the Microsoft .NET4 Framework as a prerequisite to use Catalyst Control Center.	2013/1/24	224.3 MB
ATI Catalyst: 12.10 (ref. no: 1216) Platform: Microsoft Windows XP 32/64-bit Driver Verison: XP_9.00.100-121023a-148816E. Users must have Microsoft’s. NET Version 1.1 Framework prior to installing the ATI driver/Catalyst Control Centre (CCC) components. And suggested to update the window XP to SP3.	2012/12/14	187.9 MB

Living in the Dark: Growing Plants Without Photosynthesis

We’ve known since school that many plants need photosynthesis to function, the amazing process of converting sunlight into chemical bond energy. But no matter how brilliant nature is, photosynthesis cannot be called a super-efficient process, since only 1% of solar energy enters the plant. The solution to this problem was found by scientists from the University of California at Riverside (USA). They developed a method that allowed them to grow plants in complete darkness, i.e. completely without the participation of sunlight. What is artificial photosynthesis based on, how does it work, and can it help with the food crisis? We will find answers to these questions in the report of scientists. Go. nine0003

Research Basis

Given the growth of the world’s population, the demand for food is growing relentlessly, unlike its production. Most crops can convert sunlight and CO2 into plant biomass with an energy conversion efficiency of only ~1% or less. Thus, growing crops requires large tracts of land to capture the required solar energy.

Breeding and genetic engineering have already tried to solve this problem by creating crops that will more efficiently process the sunlight they need. However, this approach is limited to a small number of plant species and gives a rather weak result. nine0003

It is important to note that increasing the energy efficiency of food production (conversion of solar energy to biomass) will allow more food to be produced using fewer resources.

The solution to this problem may be artificial photosynthesis, aimed at overcoming the limitations of biological photosynthesis, including low solar energy capture efficiency and poor reduction of carbon dioxide emissions.

Recent studies have demonstrated systems that convert CO2 and h3O into reduced substances such as CO, formate, methanol and h3 through electrolysis. CO2, CO and h3 can be converted to fuels and chemicals through gas phase fermentation by some bacteria, however gas-liquid mass transfer limits volumetric efficiency and results in inefficient fermentation systems. nine0003

The use of formate or methanol as a carbon source for fermentation is limited because the biological metabolism of these substrates produces formaldehyde, a toxic intermediate.

To date, electrochemically produced substrates cannot support the growth of most food organisms. However, acetate is a soluble two-carbon substrate that can be produced electrochemically and is more readily metabolized by a wide range of organisms. Using acetate from CO2 electrolysis to grow food organisms can provide food production independent of biological photosynthesis, but this has not yet been tested in practice. nine0003

Picture #1

In the work we are reviewing today, scientists decided to implement a hybrid inorganic-biological system (diagram above) for food production. A two-step electrochemical process converts CO2 into acetate, which serves as a source of carbon and energy for algae, yeast, mushrooms, lettuce, rice, cowpea, green peas, canola, tomatoes, peppers, tobacco and Arabidopsis (Tal’s clover / Arabidopsis thaliana ). nine0003

Research results

To provide a source of carbon and energy independent of biological photosynthesis that can support plant growth, scientists have developed an electrocatalytic process to produce acetate (as sodium acetate or potassium acetate, depending on electrolyte salt) from CO2.

Picture #2

Acetate, obtained directly from the electrochemical reduction of CO2 using a copper catalyst, has a carbon selectivity of less than 15%, which is defined as the amount of carbon in the final product(s) divided by the total amount of carbon, restored in the system. However, recent studies to reduce CO emissions have demonstrated that acetate can be produced at industrially acceptable reaction rates with carbon selectivity greater than 50% using a nanostructured copper catalyst. To achieve maximum selectivity and production of acetate from direct CO2 feed, a two-stage electrolyzer system has been shown to convert CO2 to CO and then CO to acetate via a tandem process ( 2a ).

More specifically, CO2 is supplied to the cathode of the first cell, which uses a silver catalyst deposited on a gas diffusion layer (i.e. carbon paper) and produces a gaseous product stream containing CO, h3 and traces of CO2.

The gas diffusion electrode improves the transfer of gaseous CO2 to the electrocatalyst by providing higher currents towards the CO2 reduction products compared to dissolved CO2 in a classic batch reactor. nine0003

A solution of 1M KHCO3 in deionized water was used as an electrolyte on the anode (i.e. anolyte) side of the CO2 electrolyzer and recirculated through the anode compartment to maintain ionic conductivity. The IrO2 anode was used for CO2 recovery due to its stability at neutral pH.

The product gas stream was then fed into the cathode chamber of the CO cell, which contains a copper catalyst for CO reduction, 1M KOH as anolyte, and a NiFeOx anode. nine0003

By maximizing the conversion of the first and second electrolyzers, as well as the targeted selection of acetate over other polycarbon products, this system was able to achieve a single pass conversion of CO2 to acetate of 25%, which is a big improvement over

Effluent, liquid electrolysis products containing acetate and other by-products, were evaluated as sources of carbon and energy for growing plants. Early experiments showed that effluent with an acetate to electrolyte ratio below 0.4 did not promote algae growth. Thus, the maximum ratio of acetate to electrolyte was critical for the integration of these carbon products into the production of food plant species. nine0003

The operating parameters of the tandem CO2 electrolysis system have been determined to maximize conversion of feed CO2 to acetate. For CO production, the operating current density of the CO2 electrolyzer was 100 mA/cm at an inlet CO2 flow rate of 7 ml/min, which maximized the CO2 to CO conversion at 43% and maintained a high level of production.

For the CO electrolyser, an operating current density of 150 mA/cm was chosen to achieve over 80% conversion of electrochemically produced CO to C2+ products during the entire electrolysis time. Initial experiments showed that trace amounts of CO2 negatively affected the selectivity to acetate in the CO cell and led to a rapid increase in CO cell voltage ( 2b , 2c ). When a 5 M NaOH scrubber was introduced between the two cells, the selectivity to acetate increased more than 3 times because the scrubber prevented the unreacted CO2 from the first reactor from entering the CO cell ( 2d — 2f ).

57% CO2 produced acetate at a rate of 0.7 g/cm ² /day. According to scientists, this represents the highest conversion of CO2 to acetate recorded to date ( 2e ).

The tandem CO2 electrolysis system worked stably, producing effluent with a high ratio of acetate to electrolyte. The voltage for CO2 electrolysis remained constant at about 2. 95 V ( 2f ) with a voltage increase of less than 60 mV over the six hour experiment. The CO reactor was operated at a voltage of 2.22 V with a voltage increase of 160 mV during the experiment ( 2f ), which is associated with a shift in the pH of the electrolyte from 13.7 to 13.4 with the accumulation of acetate. nine0003

The resulting catholyte (using a cold trap) and anolyte were collected and analyzed for product quantitation. Since > 99% of the acetate produced was collected in anolyte, this was the main source used for the production of food plants. The final stocks obtained contained 0.75 M acetate, and the ratio of acetate salt to electrolyte was 0.75.

Image #3

Next, scientists used the photosynthetic alga Chlamydomonas ( C. reinhardtii ), which can grow heterotrophically on acetate in the dark, as a model to determine if the improved effluents produced by electrolysis can support plant growth.

Chlamydomonas has been added to processed foods for protein fortification. Algae can produce large amounts of starch, protein and oil. Heterotrophically grown Chlamydomonas can produce over 1g of starch, 1g of protein and 0.7g of lipids per liter per day.

To assess effluent as a carbon source, Chlamydomonas was grown heterotrophically in the dark using effluent diluted to acetate in a typical liquid heterotrophic nutrient medium (17.5 mM acetate in tris-acetate-phosphate medium) and adjusted to pH 7.2. nine0003

Effluent acetate was the sole source of carbon and energy. All effluents evaluated with an acetate to electrolyte ratio greater than 0.4 M: 1 M (acetate: electrolyte) contributed to the growth of chlamydomonas in the dark.

Chlamydomonas grown in effluents with an improved ratio of acetate salt and electrolyte (0.75 M acetate to 1 M KOH) yielded 0.28 g of algae per 1 g of acetate ( 3b , 3c ). Chlamydomonas used over 99% acetate in the medium. Growth did not require any products of photosynthesis (such as carbohydrates) or ancient photosynthesis. nine0003

Therefore, the observed cultivation of a photosynthetic organism using carbon fixed by electrolysis is completely separated from biological photosynthesis.

Not only algae can be grown using the developed method, but also yeast, which is used as a food source in single-celled protein media and in the production of bread and fermented drinks (species Saccharomyces cerevisiae ).

Yeasts are heterotrophic organisms, most often grown with glucose obtained from photosynthesis (i.e. derived from starch) as a source of carbon and energy. To cultivate yeast without photosynthesis additives, the scientists replaced the primary carbon source (glucose) in a yeast-peptone-dextrose (YPD of yeast-peptone-dextrose ) for effluentone obtained by electrolysis.

All media were adjusted to pH 6.0. Electrolytic effluents (0.75M acetate: 1M KOH) supported yeast growth, yielding 0.19g yeast biomass per gram acetate, and a ninefold increase in OD600 and a twofold increase in dry mass compared to yeast grown without acetate or glucose ( 3d , 3e ).

Further, a similar experiment was carried out with mushrooms. Mushrooms are usually cultivated on solid substrates made up of carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis, such as cellulose or rice flour. nine0003

To cultivate fungal mycelium without these carbohydrates, scientists developed a solid phase fermentation method that uses effluent as the main source of carbon and energy. Due to the required volumes, simulated effluents were used here, consisting of the same components as effluents produced by electrolysis. The simulated effluent (0.691 M acetate: 1 M KOH) was added to YPD medium without glucose to achieve 0.5% (w/w) acetate. This substrate supported the growth of pearl oyster, blue oyster, elm oyster, coral tooth, and enokitake mycelium ( 3f ). Most of the substrate was completely colonized by all five species, which indicates that the runoff can serve as a source of carbon for the cultivation of various fungal mycelia.

Higher levels of effluent inhibited mycelial growth ( 3g ), probably due to higher levels of by-products, especially propionate, which is used as an antifungal food preservative.

Successful mycelial growth indicates the ability to produce mycelium-based products and potentially fungi independently of the carbon and energy obtained from photosynthesis. nine0003

Picture #4

Algae, yeast and fungi are all very well, of course, but it is much more important to understand whether the method of artificial photosynthesis can be applied to agricultural crops.

Scientists tracked the incorporation of acetate into plant biomass using the bicarbonate heavy 13C acetate isotope to assess whether exogenous acetate could be metabolized by crops.

To explore the use of acetate as a carbon source, we grew undifferentiated tissue ( callus * ) lettuce (to avoid carbon and energy accumulation in the seeds) in the dark in liquid media containing effluents (0.691 M acetate: 1 M KOH) with the addition of 13C-acetate to monitor carbon incorporation.

Callus * — dedifferentiated (lost specialization) cells that are totipotent and therefore capable of giving rise to a whole plant.

Tissues showed a significant presence of 13C, suggesting that lettuce tissue metabolizes acetate as a source of carbon and energy ( 4a ). Labeling of citrate/isocitrate, succinate, α-ketoglutarate, and malate has shown that exogenous acetate is converted to bioactive acetyl-CoA and enters the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA from tricarboxylic acid cycle ) for energy production. Amino acids have also been labeled 13C. This indicates that carbon from acetate can be used to build proteins. Products and intermediates of gluconeogenesis have also been labeled with 13C. This indicates that carbon from acetate can be used for carbohydrate biosynthesis. nine0003

The incorporation of 13C-acetate carbon into amino acids and sugars through the tricarboxylic acid cycle, glycolysis and gluconeogenesis is strong evidence that exogenous acetate can be easily incorporated into the total biomass of dark-grown lettuce tissues and can be a source of carbon and energy for others plants.

To test the uptake and utilization of acetate by whole plants, the scientists grew lettuce in the light with the addition of 13C-acetate to agar medium at a concentration of 2 mM. nine0003

In vegetative leaf tissue, it was observed that amino acids, sugars and intermediates of the TCA cycle, glycolysis and gluconeogenesis were labeled with 13C at several carbon positions ( 4a — 4c ). The detection of labeled metabolites in leaf tissue indicates that carbon from root-assimilated acetate can be distributed throughout the plant.

Additional experiments have shown that acetate can be introduced not only into lettuce, but also into other agricultural crops: rice, green peas, jalapeco peppers, rapeseed, tomatoes, cowpea, tobacco and Tal’s cauliflower. All of these cultures, grown in the light on solid agar containing 13C-acetate, showed similar 13C-labeling of amino acids, carbohydrates, and TCA cycle intermediates, as in the case of lettuce. nine0003

Lettuce seeds were also found to germinate at all tested concentrations of acetate (up to 10 mM). However, plant growth was largely inhibited by acetate at concentrations that would markedly increase plant biomass, although some growth parameters (eg root growth) were increased.

Lettuce grown using cell effluents (0.691 M acetate: 1 M KOH or 0.648 M acetate: 1 M KHCO3) added to reach a final medium concentration of 1.0 mM acetate did not show additional growth inhibition in plant weight or leaf count due to exposure by-products of electrolysis. nine0003

Scientists say that plant tolerance and acetate consumption as a heterotrophic energy source must be increased in order to completely eliminate the need for biological photosynthesis in plants in the future.

For a more detailed acquaintance with the nuances of the study, I recommend looking at the report of scientists and additional materials to it.

Epilogue

In the work we reviewed today, scientists have demonstrated a hybrid inorganic-biological system that can actually produce food from carbon dioxide and electricity, independent of biological photosynthesis. nine0003

Using a two-step process, the scientists achieved the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to acetate with a carbon selectivity of 57% relative to acetate, the highest value to date. The electrolysis system has been designed to produce improved effluents with an acetate to electrolyte salt ratio of up to 0.75. This ratio is much higher than what is needed to support biological growth.

Electrochemically produced acetate has been introduced into a wide variety of organisms: algae, fungi, yeast, and crops (rice, peas, lettuce, etc.). Experiments have shown that a wide range of food crops can use exogenous acetate for energy and biomass production. This means that acetate is able to support the full growth of crops with further optimization of the system. nine0003

It is worth noting that due to electrolysis with photovoltaic cells, the conversion of sunlight and CO2 into food in the developed system is almost 18 times more efficient than conventional production based on biological photosynthesis.

Amd catalyst 13.4 download: AMD Catalyst 13.4 (WHQL), 13.5 (Beta) ready for download

AMD Radeon HD 6850 Driver v.13.4 for Windows 8 64-bit, 7 64-bit, Vista 64-bit free download

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Living in the Dark: Growing Plants Without Photosynthesis

Research Basis

Research results

Epilogue