RAM comparison for PC and notebooks, laptops. Speed and benchmarks
Main specifications, results of tests performance, reviews
Latest comparisons
Kingston 9905403-444.A00LF 4GB
Kingston HP26D4U9D8HC-16X 16GB
Crucial Technology BLS4G4D240FSE.8FBD 4GB
Corsair CMK64GX4M4C3333C16 16GB
SpecTek Incorporated ?????????????????? 2GB
Corsair CMK8GX4M1Z3600C18 8GB
Wilk Elektronik S. A. GY1866D364L9A/4G 4GB
G Skill Intl F4-2400C16-4GFX 4GB
Hynix Semiconductor (Hyundai Electronics) GKE160SO10240
Micron Technology 36ASF2G72LZ-2G1A1 16GB
A-DATA Technology VDQVE1B16 2GB
Samsung M378A1K43DB2-CTD 8GB
Hoodisk Electronics Co Ltd GKE160SO102408-2666 16GB
Apacer Technology 78.
D2GG7.AU30B 16GB
A-DATA Technology DQKD1A08 1GB
G Skill Intl F4-4266C17-16GTZRB 16GB
Hoodisk Electronics Co Ltd GKE160SO102408-2666 16GB
Micron Technology 9ASF1G72PZ-2G9E1 8GB
A-DATA Technology DDR3 1866 8GB
Corsair CMK8GX4M2B3733C17 4GB
TwinMOS 8DPT5MK8-TATP 2GB
SK Hynix HMAA4GS6CJR8N-XN 32GB
Samsung M386B4G70DM0-CMA4 32GB
Golden Empire CL16-16-16 D4-2400 8GB
Samsung M386B4G70DM0-CMA4 32GB
G Skill Intl F4-2400C16-16GFX 16GB
Hexon Technology Pte Ltd HEXON 1GB
Kingston HP32D4S2S1ME-8 8GB
RAM
TOP 5 DDR5
Best in Latency, ns
A-DATA Technology AD5U48008G-B 8GB
100%
Kingston 9905783-025.
A01G 16GB
99%
Crucial Technology CT8G48C40U5.M4A1 8GB
98%
A-DATA Technology AX5U5200C3816G-B 16GB
97%
Kingston KF552C40-16 16GB
96%
TOP 5 DDR4
Best in Latency, ns
Kingston 99U5701-036.A00G 16GB
100%
Corsair CMW32GX4M4K4266C19 8GB
99%
Crucial Technology CT4G4SFS8266.
C8FE 4GB
98%
Corsair CMSX4GX4M1A2400C16 4GB
97%
AMD R748G2400S2S 8GB
96%
TOP 5 DDR3
Best in Latency, ns
Kingston 99U5701-036.A00G 16GB
100%
Corsair CMW32GX4M4K4266C19 8GB
99%
Crucial Technology CT4G4SFS8266.C8FE 4GB
98%
Corsair CMSX4GX4M1A2400C16 4GB
97%
AMD R748G2400S2S 8GB
96%
Popular RAM
Popular searches RAM
A-DATA Technology AD5U48008G-B 8GB
100%
Kingston 9905783-025.
A01G 16GB
99%
Kingston KF552C40-16 16GB
98%
A-DATA Technology AD5U480016G-B 16GB
97%
Hynix Semiconductor (Hyundai Electronics) GKE160SO102408-2400 16GB
96%
TOP 5 DDR2
Best in Latency, ns
Kingston 99U5701-036.A00G 16GB
100%
Corsair CMW32GX4M4K4266C19 8GB
99%
Crucial Technology CT4G4SFS8266.
C8FE 4GB
98%
Corsair CMSX4GX4M1A2400C16 4GB
97%
AMD R748G2400S2S 8GB
96%
Popular comparisons
Hoodisk Electronics Co Ltd GKE160SO102408-2666 16GB
Transcend Information TS2GSH64V4B 16GB
SK Hynix HYMP112U64CP8-S5 1GB
Crucial Technology CT8G4SFS632A 8GB
Hoodisk Electronics Co Ltd GKE160SO102408-2666 16GB
Micron Technology 18ADF2G72AZ-2G3A1 16GB
TwinMOS 8DPT5MK8-TATP 2GB
Corsair CM4B8G2J2666A15D 8GB
Samsung M395T2863QZ4-CF76 1GB
Kingston XF875V-MIH 8GB
Crucial Technology BLS4G4D240FSE.
8FBD 4GB
G Skill Intl F4-4000C18-8GTZKW 8GB
Reviews
Hynix Semiconductor (Hyundai Electronics) HMT351S6
View
Hynix Semiconductor (Hyundai Electronics) HMT351R7EFR4A-H9 4GB
View
Hynix Semiconductor (Hyundai Electronics) Zhidian4GDDR800 4GB
View
Hynix Semiconductor (Hyundai Electronics) ZION 667
View
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About project
This service uses a conditional system for evaluating the performance of the RAM.
Data on RAM performance were taken from a variety of sources, mainly based on the results of such tests, how: PassMark.
We make no claim to absolute accuracy. Ranking and evaluating performance with absolute RAM accuracy is not possible. Check the RAM data on the official website of the module manufacturer.
RAM Benchmark Hierarchy: Fastest DDR4 Memory Kits
RAM Benchmark Hierarchy
(Image credit: Tom’s Hardware)
Consumers often overlook RAM (Random Access Memory), but our RAM benchmark hierarchy will help you find the fastest DDR5 and DDR4 memory kit for your system. Memory is one of the most critical hardware of any system. The right or the wrong memory kit significantly impacts your system’s overall performance in gaming, productivity, and (if you don’t have enough of it) general sluggishness. Of course, you can always reference our Best RAM list to find the best deals on memory.
Companies regularly release new memory kits with different speeds, timings, capacities, and ranks, making sifting through seemingly endless models surprisingly time-consuming.
Our RAM benchmark hierarchy aims to provide a simple database that ranks the best memory kits based on pure performance.
We use a geometric mean of our memory benchmarking results to keep the ranking objective and discard the intangibles, like aesthetics and overclocking headroom. We’ve got those details in the individual RAM reviews. Furthermore, we suspect many of you would value performance over anything else. However, the geometric means don’t always tell the whole story: If you’re looking for performance in a specific workload or gaming, we recommend looking at the full review of the memory kit you have in mind.
The score results originate from the geometric mean from our RAM benchmark suite consisting of scripted and real-world tests. Our tests include Microsoft Office, Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Premiere, Adobe Lightroom, Cinebench R23, Corona benchmark, 7-Zip compression and decompression, Handbrake x264 and x265 conversion, LuxMark, and Y-Cruncher.
For simplicity, we’ve separated the memory kits into different categories according to their densities.
Then, we ranked the memory kits for each capacity from best to worst for both Intel and AMD systems.
The score on our hierarchy may differ slightly from the geometric mean in the individual review. The discrepancy is because we strive to provide results on the most recent and relevant Intel and AMD platforms. Keeping the metrics in the table as up-to-date as possible involves retesting every memory kit. We rest when there’s been a substantial change in either of our test systems, such as a new processor, motherboard, or graphics card (or even new firmware revisions), to name a few.
Memory pricing is very volatile. We’ve restrained ourselves from providing a price-to-performance value since it would only capture the pricing for one static moment in time, and memory pricing fluctuates far too much. So while you can see up-to-date pricing in each table below, the performance measurements don’t consider the price tag.
If you’re undecided between two particular kits, it’s easy to evaluate the options on your own by dividing the real-time pricing by the geometric mean.
Naturally, you’ll want the lowest value possible, as a lower number represents more bang for your buck.
Best DDR5 RAM
| Memory Kit | Score | Data Rate | Timings | Voltage (V) | DRAM ICs | Part Number | Buying Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Corsair Dominator Platinum RGB DDR5 | 2517.01 | DDR5-6600 | 32-39-39-76 | 1.40 | Hynix M-die | CMT32GX5M2X6600C32 | $404.99 |
| G.Skill Trident Z5 RGB | 2513.81 | DDR5-6400 | 32-39-39-102 | 1.40 | Hynix M-die | F5-6400J3239G16GX2-TZ5RK | $449.99 |
| G.Skill Trident Z5 RGB | 2496.37 | DDR5-6000 | 36-36-36-76 | 1.30 | Samsung B-die | F5-6000U3636E16GX2-TZ5RS | $399.99 |
| Corsair Vengeance RGB | 2489.72 | DDR5-6000 | 36-36-36-76 | 1.35 | Samsung B-die | CMh42GX5M2D6000C36 | $272. 99 |
| TeamGroup T-Force Delta RGB | 2486.83 | DDR5-6000 | 40-40-40-80 | 1.35 | Hynix M-die | FF3D516G6000HC40ABK | $449.99 |
| V-Color Manta XPrism | 2486.42 | DDR5-6200 | 36-39-39-76 | 1.30 | Hynix M-die | TMXPL1662836WW-DW | N/A |
| Patriot Viper Venom RGB | 2484.26 | DDR5-6200 | 40-40-40-76 | 1.35 | Hynix M-die | PVVR532G620C40K | $334.99 |
| PNY XLR8 Gaming Mako | 2475.63 | DDR5-6200 | 42-42-42-88 | 1.30 | Hynix M-die | MD32GK2D5620042MXR | $267.99 |
| Corsair Dominator Platinum RGB DDR5 | 2445.20 | DDR5-5200 | 38-38-38-84 | 1.25 | Micron A-die | CMT32GX5M2B5200C38 | $359.99 |
| Kingston Fury Beast | 2443.02 | DDR5-5200 | 40-40-40-80 | 1.25 | Micron A-die | KF552C40BBK2-32 | $289. 99 |
| Sabrent Rocket | 2385.68 | DDR5-4800 | 40-40-40-76 | 1.10 | Hynix M-die | SB-DR5U-16G x 2 | $359.98 |
| Crucial DDR5-4800 | 2342.49 | DDR5-4800 | 40-39-39-77 | 1.10 | Micron A-die | CT2K8G48C40U5 | $126.99 |
Best DDR4 RAM For Intel Systems
Best 16GB (2x8GB) DDR4 Memory Kits for Intel Systems
| Memory Kit | Score | Data Rate | Timings | Voltage (V) | Part Number | Buying Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patriot Viper RGB White | 903.41 | DDR4-4133 | 19-21-21-41 | 1.40 | PVR416G413C9KW | $129.99 |
| Patriot Viper 4 Blackout | 895.19 | DDR4-4400 | 18-26-26-46 | 1.45 | PVB416G440C8K | $119.99 |
| Thermaltake ToughRAM RGB | 884.82 | DDR4-4600 | 19-26-26-45 | 1. 50 |
R009D408GX2-4600C19A | $215.99 |
| TeamGroup T-Force Dark Z FPS | 880.65 | DDR4-4000 | 16-18-18-38 | 1.45 | TDZFD416G4000HC16CDC01 | $169.99 |
| Colorful iGame Vulcan | 877.42 | DDR4-4266 | 18-19-19-39 | 1.40 | IGPC08G4266D4R8 | N/A |
| Predator Apollo | 875.34 | DDR4-4500 | 19-19-19-39 | 1.45 | BL.9BWWR.255 | N/A |
| Klevv Cras XR RGB | 874.47 | DDR4-4000 | 19-25-25-45 | 1.40 | KD48GU880-40B190Z | $161.99 |
| GeIL Orion RGB AMD Edition | 872.92 | DDR4-4400 | 18-24-24-44 | 1.45 | GAOSR416GB4400C18ADC | $324.99 |
| Thermaltake ToughRAM XG RGB | 872.18 | DDR4-4600 | 19-26-26-45 | 1.50 | R016D408GX2-4600C19A | $228.43 |
| Thermaltake ToughRAM XG RGB | 871.87 | DDR4-4000 | 19-23-23-42 | 1. 35 |
R016D408GX2-4000C19A | $178.43 |
| TeamGroup T-Force Xtreem ARGB | 870.37 | DDR4-3600 | 14-15-15-35 | 1.45 | TF10D416G3600HC14CDC01 | $143.99 |
| Gigabyte Aorus RGB Memory | 866.27 | DDR4-3600 | 18-19-19-39 | 1.35 | GP-AR36C18S8K2HU416R | $149.99 |
| Adata XPG Spectrix D50 | 865.29 | DDR4-3600 | 18-20-20-42 | 1.35 | AX4U360038G18A-DT50 | $109.99 |
| G.Skill Trident Z Neo | 864.84 | DDR4-3600 | 14-15-15-35 | 1.45 | F4-3600C14D-16GTZNB | $194.99 |
| Adata XPG Spectrix D60G | 864.19 | DDR4-3600 | 14-15-15-35 | 1.45 | AX4U360038G14C-DT60 | $185.99 |
| GeIL Orion AMD Edition | 860.29 | DDR4-3600 | 18-22-22-42 | 1.35 | GAOR416GB3600C18BDC | $79.99 |
| Corsair Vengeance RGB Pro SL | 859. 90 |
DDR4-3600 | 18-22-22-42 | 1.35 | CMh26GX4M2Z3600C18 | $118.99 |
| Thermaltake ToughRAM RGB Metallic Gold | 858.84 | DDR4-3600 | 18-19-19-39 | 1.35 | RG26D408GX2-3600C18A | $154.99 |
| HP V8 | 858.78 | DDR4-3600 | 18-20-20-40 | 1.35 | 8MG07AA#ABC | $99.99 |
| Silicon Power Xpower Zenith | 852.37 | DDR4-3200 | 16-18-18-38 | 1.35 | SP016GXLZU320BDC | $54.97 |
| Predator Talos DDR4-3600 | 852.22 | DDR4-3600 | 18-20-20-42 | 1.35 | BL.9BWWR.215 | $69.99 |
| PNY XLR8 Gaming Epic-X RGB | 848.69 | DDR4-3200 | 16-18-18-38 | 1.35 | MD16GK2D4360018XRGB | $99.99 |
| Lexar UDIMM | 835.21 | DDR4-2666 | 19-19-19-43 | 1.20 | LD4AU008G-R2666U | $59.98 |
Best 32GB (2x16GB) DDR4 Memory Kits for Intel Systems
| Memory Kit | Score | Data Rate | Timings | Voltage (V) | Part Number | Buying Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
G. Skill Trident Z Royal |
934.89 | DDR4-4000 | 17-18-18-38 | 1.40 | F4-4000C17D-32GTRGB | $334.99 |
| G.Skill Trident Z Neo | 926.25 | DDR4-3600 | 16-16-16-36 | 1.35 | F4-3600C16D-32GTZN | $274.99 |
| Klevv Bolt XR | 919.31 | DDR4-3600 | 18-22-22-42 | 1.35 | KD4AGU880-36A180C | N/A |
| Silicon Power Xpower Zenith RGB | 915.89 | DDR4-3600 | 18-22-22-42 | 1.35 | SP032GXLZU360BDD | N/A |
| Patriot Viper Steel RGB | 910.14 | DDR4-3600 | 20-26-26-46 | 1.35 | PVSR432G360C0K | $179.99 |
| Patriot Viper Elite II | 901.35 | DDR4-4000 | 20-26-26-46 | 1.40 | PVE2432G400C0K | $195.99 |
| Crucial Ballistix Max RGB | 896.06 | DDR4-4000 | 18-22-22-42 | 1.35 | BLM2K16G40C18U4BL | $419. 99 |
| Lexar Hades RGB | 883.71 | DDR4-3600 | 18-22-22-42 | 1.35 | LD4BU016G-R3600UDLH | $216.99 |
| Mushkin Redline Lumina | 876.33 | DDR4-3600 | 16-19-19-39 | 1.40 | MLA4C360GKKP16GX2 | $199.99 |
| GeIL Orion AMD Edition | 872.18 | DDR4-4266 | 18-24-24-44 | 1.45 | GAOR432GB4266C18ADC | $374.99 |
Best 64GB (2x32GB) DDR4 Memory Kits for Intel Systems
| Memory Kit | Score | Data Rate | Timings | Voltage (V) | Part Number | Buying Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patriot Viper Steel | 913.32 | DDR4-3600 | 18-20-20-40 | 1.35 | PVS464G360C8K | $339.99 |
| Crucial Ballistix | 909.34 | DDR4-3200 | 16-18-18-36 | 1.35 | BL2K32G32C16U4W | $175.99 |
| TeamGroup T-Create Expert OC10L | 904. 14 |
DDR4-3600 | 18-22-22-42 | 1.35 | TTCED464G3600HC18JDC01 | $269.99 |
| TeamGroup T-Create Classic 10L | 888.79 | DDR4-3200 | 22-22-22-52 | 1.20 | TTCCD464G3200HC22DC01 | $308.99 |
Best DDR4 RAM For AMD Systems
Best 16GB (2x8GB) DDR4 Memory Kits for AMD Systems
| Memory Kit | Score | Data Rate | Timings | Voltage (V) | Part Number | Buying Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adata XPG Spectrix D60G | 1183.26 | DDR4-3600 | 14-15-15-35 | 1.45 | AX4U360038G14C-DT60 | $185.99 |
| G.Skill Trident Z Neo | 1178.20 | DDR4-3600 | 14-15-15-35 | 1.45 | F4-3600C14D-16GTZNB | $194.99 |
| Adata XPG Spectrix D50 | 1174.59 | DDR4-3600 | 18-20-20-42 | 1.35 | AX4U360038G18A-DT50 | $109.99 |
| TeamGroup T-Force Xtreem ARGB | 1171. 81 |
DDR4-3600 | 14-15-15-35 | 1.45 | TF10D416G3600HC14CDC01 | $169.99 |
| Predator Talos | 1167.71 | DDR4-3600 | 18-20-20-42 | 1.35 | BL.9BWWR.215 | $69.99 |
| Gigabyte Aorus RGB Memory | 1167.27 | DDR4-3600 | 18-19-19-39 | 1.35 | GP-AR36C18S8K2HU416R | $149.99 |
| TeamGroup T-Force Dark Z FPS | 1166.85 | DDR4-4000 | 16-18-18-38 | 1.45 | TDZFD416G4000HC16CDC01 | $169.99 |
| HP V8 | 1166.69 | DDR4-3600 | 18-20-20-40 | 1.35 | 8MG07AA#ABC | $99.99 |
| Thermaltake ToughRAM XG RGB | 1166.48 | DDR4-4000 | 19-23-23-42 | 1.35 | R016D408GX2-4000C19A | $184.99 |
| Thermaltake ToughRAM RGB Metallic Gold | 1165.23 | DDR4-3600 | 18-19-19-39 | 1.35 | RG26D408GX2-3600C18A | $154. 99 |
| Predator Apollo | 1162.85 | DDR4-4500 | 19-19-19-39 | 1.45 | BL.9BWWR.255 | N/A |
| Klevv Cras XR RGB | 1162.82 | DDR4-4000 | 19-25-25-45 | 1.40 | KD48GU880-40B190Z | $161.99 |
| Corsair Vengeance RGB Pro SL | 1162.05 | DDR4-3600 | 18-22-22-42 | 1.35 | CMh26GX4M2Z3600C18 | $118.99 |
| Thermaltake ToughRAM RGB | 1158.73 | DDR4-4600 | 19-26-26-45 | 1.50 | R009D408GX2-4600C19A | $215.99 |
| GeIL Orion AMD Edition | 1157.17 | DDR4-4400 | 18-24-24-44 | 1.45 | GAOSR416GB4400C18ADC | $324.99 |
| Patriot Viper 4 Blackout | 1152.52 | DDR4-4400 | 18-26-26-46 | 1.45 | PVB416G440C8K | $119.99 |
| Thermaltake ToughRAM XG RGB | 1152.38 | DDR4-4600 | 19-26-26-45 | 1. 50 |
R016D408GX2-4600C19A | $228.43 |
| GeIL Orion AMD Edition | 1159.11 | DDR4-3600 | 18-22-22-42 | 1.35 | GAOR416GB3600C18BDC | $324.99 |
| PNY XLR8 Gaming Epic-X RGB | 1158.10 | DDR4-3200 | 16-18-18-38 | 1.35 | MD16GK2D4360018XRGB | $99.99 |
| Silicon Power Xpower Zenith | 1156.00 | DDR4-3200 | 16-18-18-38 | 1.35 | SP016GXLZU320BDC | $54.97 |
| Colorful iGame Vulcan | 1149.42 | DDR4-4266 | 18-19-19-39 | 1.40 | IGPC08G4266D4R8 | N/A |
| Patriot Viper RGB White | 1147.24 | DDR4-4133 | 19-21-21-41 | 1.40 | PVR416G413C9KW | $129.99 |
| Lexar UDIMM | 1131.81 | DDR4-2666 | 19-19-19-43 | 1.20 | LD4AU008G-R2666U | $59.98 |
Best 32GB (2x16GB) DDR4 Memory Kits for AMD Systems
| Memory Kit | Score | Data Rate | Timings | Voltage (V) | Part Number | Buying Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
G. Skill Trident Z Royal |
1275.40 | DDR4-4000 | 17-18-18-38 | 1.40 | F4-4000C17D-32GTRGB | $334.99 |
| G.Skill Trident Z Neo | 1260.56 | DDR4-3600 | 16-16-16-36 | 1.35 | F4-3600C16D-32GTZN | $274.99 |
| Silicon Power Xpower Zenith RGB | 1254.14 | DDR4-3600 | 18-22-22-42 | 1.35 | SP032GXLZU360BDD | N/A |
| Klevv Bolt XR | 1251.61 | DDR4-3600 | 18-22-22-42 | 1.35 | KD4AGU880-36A180C | N/A |
| Patriot Viper Steel RGB | 1243.17 | DDR4-3600 | 20-26-26-46 | 1.35 | PVSR432G360C0K | $179.99 |
| Patriot Viper Elite II | 1229.73 | DDR4-4000 | 20-26-26-46 | 1.40 | PVE2432G400C0K | $195.99 |
| Crucial Ballistix Max RGB | 1194.56 | DDR4-4000 | 18-22-22-42 | 1.35 | BLM2K16G40C18U4BL | $419. 99 |
| Mushkin Redline Lumina | 1190.71 | DDR4-3600 | 16-19-19-39 | 1.40 | MLA4C360GKKP16GX2 | $199.99 |
| GeIL Orion AMD Edition | 1172.49 | DDR4-4266 | 18-24-24-44 | 1.45 | GAOR432GB4266C18ADC | $374.99 |
| Lexar Hades RGB | 1160.46 | DDR4-3600 | 18-22-22-42 | 1.35 | LD4BU016G-R3600UDLH | $216.99 |
Best 64GB (2x32GB) DDR4 Memory Kits for AMD Systems
| Memory Kit | Score | Data Rate | Timings | Voltage (V) | Part Number | Buying Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patriot Viper Steel | 1242.67 | DDR4-3600 | 18-20-20-40 | 1.35 | PVS464G360C8K | $339.99 |
| TeamGroup T-Create Expert OC10L | 1239.74 | DDR4-3600 | 18-22-22-42 | 1.35 | TTCED464G3600HC18JDC01 | $269.99 |
| Crucial Ballistix | 1231. 07 |
DDR4-3200 | 16-18-18-36 | 1.35 | BL2K32G32C16U4W | $175.99 |
| TeamGroup T-Create Classic 10L | 1225.82 | DDR4-3200 | 22-22-22-52 | 1.20 | TTCCD464G3200HC22DC01 | $308.99 |
Processors and Supported Memory Frequency
Once upon a time, the memory controller resided on the motherboard. As processors and motherboards evolved, chipmakers eventually moved the memory controller onto the chips. Therefore, Intel and AMD specify the official supported memory frequency on each generation of their processors. Unless you have an excellent sample, drifting far away from the supported frequency will require manual tweaking to get the memory to play nice with your processor. For the best plug-n-play experience, you should pick up a memory kit that doesn’t surpass the supported frequency.
There are two essential things to consider if you want to run memory faster than the official specification for your processor.
For starters, the quality of your processor’s IMC (integrated memory controller) determines if it can handle high-speed memory. Unfortunately, since no two processors are equal, and you can’t judge a chip’s IMC until you test it, you’re at the mercy of the silicon lottery.
Secondly, you need to ensure that the motherboard supports the frequency of the memory kit that you have in mind. Again, a quick trip to your motherboard’s user manual or product page should give you the necessary information. Furthermore, the motherboard’s memory QVL (Qualified Vendors List) is very helpful as it’ll tell you whether a specific memory kit has been tested and validated on the motherboard. But remember that your chip’s IMC still plays a more prominent role.
If you’re unsure of the memory frequency your processor supports, we’ve provided the different standards for the last few generations of AMD and Intel processors.
AMD Desktop Processors
| Processor | Lithography | Codename | Microarchitecture | Frequency |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ryzen 7000 | 5nm | Raphael | Zen 4 | DDR5-5200 |
| Ryzen 5000 | 7nm | Vermeer | Zen 3 | DDR4-3200 |
| Ryzen 3000 | 7nm | Matisse | Zen 2 | DDR4-3200 |
| Ryzen 2000 | 12nm | Pinnacle Ridge | Zen+ | DDR4-2933 |
| Ryzen 1000 | 14nm | Summit Ridge | Zen | DDR4-2666 |
AMD has officially announced its Ryzen 7000 (Raphael) processors, wielding Zen 4 cores and RDNA 2 integrated graphics.
More importantly, Zen 4 embraces DDR5 memory and the speedy PCIe 5.0 standard. Unfortunately, Zen 4 lacks DDR4 support.
Contrary to Zen 2 and Zen 3 processors, it’s not essential to maintain the Infinity Fabric Clock (FCLK), unified memory controller clock (UCLK), and memory clock (MEMCLK) in a 1:1:1 ratio on Zen 4. According to AMD, the optimal configuration is to leave the FCLK on auto and overclock the DDR5 and memory controller in a 1:1 ratio. Therefore, the best settings are Auto:1:1. AMD believes that DDR5-6000 is the sweet spot for Zen 4 based on cost, stability, performance, availability, and ease.
Zen 4 natively supports DDR5-5200 in a 1 DPC configuration regardless if the memory modules have a single-or dual-ranked design. However, in a 2 DPC configuration, the official data rate drops to DDR5-3600.
Along with Zen 4, AMD has introduced EXPO (EXtended Profiles for Overclocking) profh are equivalent to Intel’s XMP technology. Similar to XMP, AMD EXPO allows one-click overclocking to the predefined data rates.
| DDR5 Frequency (MT/s) | DIMMs Populated Per Channel (DPC) | Rank (s) |
|---|---|---|
| 5,200 | 1 DPC | 1 R |
| 5,200 | 2 DPC | 2 R |
| 3,600 | 2 DPC | 1 R |
| 3,600 | 2 DPC | 2 R |
Intel Desktop Processors
| Processor | Lithography | Codename | Microarchitecture | Frequency |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 13000-series | 10nm | Raptor Lake | Raptor Cove / Gracemont | DDR4-3200, DDR5-5600 |
| 12000-series | 10nm | Alder Lake | Golden Cove / Gracemont | DDR4-3200, DDR5-4800 |
| 11000-series | 14nm++ | Rocket Lake | Cypress Cove | DDR4-3200 |
| 10000-series | 14nm++ | Comet Lake | Comet Lake | DDR4-2933 |
| 9000-series | 14nm++ | Coffee Lake Refresh | Coffee Lake | DDR4-2666 |
| 8000-series | 14nm++ | Coffee Lake | Coffee Lake | DDR4-2666 |
| 7000-series | 14nm+ | Kaby Lake | Kaby Lake | DDR4-2400 |
| 6000-series | 14nm | Skylake | Skylake | DDR4-2133 |
Intel has launched the company’s brand-new 12th Generation Alder Lake processors.
These are the first consumer chips to support DDR5 memory and the PCIe 5.0 interface. However, Alder Lake is also compatible with DDR4 memory, and it’ll depend on the motherboard manufacturer to pick the best format for their products.
Intel reworked how the memory works on Rocket Lake. The chipmaker introduced gear ratios with the memory controller and memory frequency, similar to how AMD’s FCLK works. For example, gear 1 finds both running in a 1:1 balance, while Gear 2 runs the memory controller at half speed (0.5:1). Alder Lake retains this same mechanic.
Alder Lake arrives with native compatibility with DDR4-3200 and DDR5-4800. Intel 600-series motherboards will either come with DDR4 or DDR5 slots but not both due to the radical change in DDR5’s voltage regulation. Alder Lake processors run DDR5 in Gear 2 mode and DDR4-3200 in Gear 1 mode by default. Nonetheless, some rare Alder Lake samples can effectively run up to DDR4-4000 in Gear 1, equivalent to the best Zen 3 chips.
DDR5 memory support on Alder Lake depends on the number of populated memory slots. On a dual-slot motherboard, Alder Lake supports DDR5-4800 regardless of the configuration. However, DDR5-4400 is the maximum data rate when you fill two slots on standard motherboards with four memory slots. Populating the four slots with single-rank or dual-rank memory reduces support to DDR5-4000 and DDR5-3600, respectively.
Intel’s 13th Generation Raptor Lake processors will support DDR5-5600 right out of the gate while retaining support for DDR4-3200.
| DDR5 Frequency (MT/s) | Slots Per Channel (SPC) | DIMMs Populated Per Channel (DPC) | Rank (s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4,000 | 2 SPC | 2 DPC | 1 R |
| 3,600 | 2 SPC | 2 DPC | 2 R |
| 4,400 | 2 SPC | 1 DPC | 1 R |
| 4,400 | 2 SPC | 1 DPC | 2 R |
| 4,800 | 1 SPC | 1 DPC | 1 R |
| 4,800 | 1 SPC | 1 DPC | 2 R |
Test Systems
Image 1 of 3
Intel DDR5 System (Image credit: Tom’s Hardware)
Intel System (Image credit: Tom’s Hardware) AMD System (Image credit: Tom’s Hardware)Our DDR5 testbed revolves around the Core i9-12900K (Alder Lake) and MSI MEG Z690 Unify-X (7D32vH0 firmware).
The Intel system consists of the Core i9-10900K (Comet Lake) and Asus ROG Maximus XII Apex (0901 firmware). Meanwhile, the AMD system leverages AMD’s Ryzen 9 5900X (Vermeer) processor and Asus’ ROG Crosshair VIII Dark Hero (3501 firmware). Finally, regardless of the testbed, the MSI GeForce RTX 2080 Ti Gaming Trio is our graphics card of choice for tackling the more intensive graphical workloads.
Our Windows 10 and Windows 11 operating system resides on Crucial’s MX500 500GB SSD, while our games are on the 2TB unit. The Corsair RM650X 650W provides the necessary power for our test platforms; meanwhile, the Streacom BC1 is the perfect open-air testbench to house all of our hardware.
| Intel DDR5 System | Intel System | AMD System | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Processor | Intel Core i9-12900K | Intel Core i9-10900K | AMD Ryzen 9 5900X |
| Motherboard | MSI MEG Z690 Unify-X | Asus ROG Maximus XII Apex | Asus ROG Crosshair VIII Dark Hero |
| Graphics Card | MSI GeForce RTX 2080 Ti Gaming X Trio | MSI GeForce RTX 2080 Ti Gaming X Trio | MSI GeForce RTX 2080 Ti Gaming X Trio |
| Storage | Crucial MX500 500GB, 2TB | Crucial MX500 500GB, 2TB | Crucial MX500 500GB, 2TB |
| Cooling | Corsair iCUE h200i Elite LCD | Corsair Hydro h215i Pro | Corsair Hydro h215i Pro |
| Power Supply | Corsair RM650x 650W | Corsair RM650x 650W | Corsair RM650x 650W |
| Case | Streacom BC1 | Streacom BC1 | Streacom BC1 |
RAM Pricing Trends
The latest TrendForce report estimates that DRAM pricing will decrease up to 18% in Q3 and potentially another 8% in Q4.
Companies have reported that the demand for DRAM has dropped throughout the last few months. Oversupply has caused vendors to reevaluate their pricing.
According to DRAMeXchange, the pricing gap between DDR5 and DDR4 will significantly narrow in the coming months. The news is music to consumers’ ears since AMD and Intel are preparing to launch Zen 4 and Raptor Lake, respectively, very soon. DigiTimes Asia projected that DDR5 pricing will continue to plunge in 2023 where it could potentially hit the «sweet spot» in 2023. AMD believes that by the middle of 2023, DDR5 pricing will close to DDR4 pricing, causing a potential crossover.
Whether you’re shopping for a memory kit that’s on our list of Best RAM or one that’s not on the list, you may find savings by checking out the latest Newegg promo codes, Best Buy promo codes, and Micro Center coupon codes.
MORE: CPU Benchmarks and Hierarchy 2021
MORE: GPU Benchmarks and Hierarchy 2021
Zhiye Liu is a Freelance News Writer at Tom’s Hardware US.
Although he loves everything that’s hardware, he has a soft spot for CPUs, GPUs, and RAM.
Position-by-position comparison of Rams 53-man roster in 2021 vs. 2022
The Los Angeles Rams have begun their prep for Week 1 against the Buffalo Bills, looking ahead to that season-opening matchup after setting their initial 53-man roster this week. There were a few surprises when the roster first came out, but not a ton of them.
There are also some differences between this year’s team and last year’s initial 53-man roster. Going position by position, here’s a look at how each group differs from 2021 to this season.
Note: These are the initial rosters set after final roster cuts. Newcomers are noted in italics.
Quarterback
| 2021 | 2022 |
| Matthew Stafford | Matthew Stafford |
| John Wolford | John Wolford |
| Bryce Perkins | Bryce Perkins |
There are no changes at quarterback from last year.
The same three players made the 53-man roster, and it’s likely to remain that way throughout the season.
Running back
| 2021 | 2022 |
| Darrell Henderson Jr. | Cam Akers |
| Sony Michel | Darrell Henderson Jr. |
| Jake Funk | Kyren Williams |
| Jake Funk |
There are a few differences at running back. Akers is back from injury, bumping Henderson down the depth chart one spot. Michel is now gone, and Williams is in as the third (or fourth) running back alongside Funk.
Wide receiver
| 2021 | 2022 |
| Cooper Kupp | Cooper Kupp |
| Robert Woods | Allen Robinson |
| Van Jefferson | Van Jefferson |
| DeSean Jackson | Ben Skowronek |
| Tutu Atwell | Tutu Atwell |
| Ben Skowronek | Brandon Powell |
| Lance McCutcheon |
The wide receiver group looks pretty different compared to last year.
Robinson, Powell and McCutcheon are all newcomers, while Woods and Jackson are both now gone.
Robinson is essentially Woods’ replacement, and while Skowronek was viewed as the No. 6 receiver last year, he’ll likely be the fourth option this season.
Tight end
| 2021 | 2022 |
| Tyler Higbee | Tyler Higbee |
| Johnny Mundt | Brycen Hopkins |
| Jacob Harris | |
| Brycen Hopkins |
The Rams are much lighter at tight end this year. Harris is on the practice squad, but he’s a wide receiver now. Higbee and Hopkins are the only tight ends who remain from last year’s team, a pretty significant surprise.
Offensive line
| 2021 | 2022 |
| Andrew Whitworth | Joe Noteboom |
| David Edwards | David Edwards |
| Brian Allen | Brian Allen |
| Austin Corbett | Coleman Shelton |
| Rob Havenstein | Rob Havenstein |
| Joe Noteboom | Tremayne Anchrum Jr. |
| A.J. Jackson | A.J. Jackson |
| Bobby Evans | Bobby Evans |
| Tremayne Anchrum Jr. | |
| Coleman Shelton |
The Rams kept two fewer offensive linemen this season, though the only differences between last year and 2022 are Whitworth and Corbett. Otherwise, all eight of the other players are the same – though Noteboom and Shelton are both starters now.
Defensive line
| 2021 | 2022 |
| Aaron Donald | Aaron Donald |
| Sebastian Joseph-Day | Greg Gaines |
| A’Shawn Robinson | A’Shawn Robinson |
| Greg Gaines | Marquise Copeland |
| Bobby Brown III | Michael Hoecht |
| Michael Hoecht | Jonah Williams |
| Jonah Williams |
No major changes with this group.
Gaines moves up from being a backup at the start of last year to being a full-time starter in Week 1, with Copeland, Hoecht and Williams backing up the first unit. Copeland is the only newcomer to this group.
Brown will likely be on the 53-man roster once he returns from suspension.
Inside linebacker
| 2021 | 2022 |
| Kenny Young | Bobby Wagner |
| Troy Reeder | Ernest Jones |
| Ernest Jones | Christian Rozeboom |
| Travin Howard | Jake Hummel |
No position group looks more different than the inside linebackers. Only Jones remains from last year’s unit, and now he’s a starter alongside former All-Pro Bobby Wagner. Rozeboom and Hummel are the backups, as well, which are roles Jones and Howard held last season.
Outside linebacker
| 2021 | 2022 |
| Leonard Floyd | Leonard Floyd |
| Justin Hollins | Justin Hollins |
| Terrell Lewis | Terrell Lewis |
| Ogbonnia Okoronkwo | Keir Thomas |
| Chris Garrett | Daniel Hardy |
The top three remain unchanged, but the backups are both different.
Thomas made the team as an undrafted rookie, and while Hardy also cracked the 53-man roster, he’s since been placed on IR. Garrett was cut by the Rams this year and did not return to the practice squad, while Okoronkwo signed with the Texans as a free agent.
Cornerback
| 2021 | 2022 |
| Jalen Ramsey | Jalen Ramsey |
| Darious Williams | Troy Hill |
| David Long Jr. | David Long Jr. |
| Robert Rochell | Robert Rochell |
| Decobie Durant | |
| Derion Kendrick |
As you can see, the Rams were not very deep at cornerback last year – at least not initially. They only had four corners on the roster, whereas this year they have six. Hill, Durant and Kendrick are (somewhat) new faces, with Hill returning after a year in Cleveland.
Williams left to join the Jaguars in free agency.
Safety
| 2021 | 2022 |
| Jordan Fuller | Jordan Fuller |
| Terrell Burgess | Nick Scott |
| Taylor Rapp | Taylor Rapp |
| Nick Scott | Terrell Burgess |
| J.R. Reed | Russ Yeast |
| JuJu Hughes |
The top four safeties all return from last year, albeit in different situations. Burgess was believed to have a bigger role last year than he actually wound up having, so he’ll be a backup this year. Reed and Hughes are both gone, and Yeast steps in as a depth piece; he was a seventh-round pick this year.
Specialists
| 2021 | 2022 |
| Matt Gay | Matt Gay |
| Johnny Hekker | Riley Dixon |
| Matthew Orzech | Matthew Orzech |
The Rams swapped Hekker out for Dixon, going from one veteran punter to another.
Gay and Orzech remain in their usual roles from last year.
Summary
In total, there are 16 players who made the Rams’ initial 53-man roster this year who were not on the initial roster last year. That’s actually not a huge number considering how many losses the Rams suffered during the offseason.
And that includes players such as Copeland, Rozeboom, Powell and Akers, who eventually made it on the 53-man roster at some point last season.
Ford F-150 vs Chevy Silverado vs Ram 1500: Which One Is Better?
From the January 2019 issue of Car and Driver.
In 2017, Americans bought more full-size pickups than people did new vehicles, period, in all but the three largest markets in the EU.
We buy an outrageous number of these things—about 2.3 million that year alone. But here’s a theory: We don’t buy pickups in these quantities because we are more productive than our beret-wearing brothers across the Atlantic.
It’s not that we have so many more contractors, farmers, and tradespeople who need pickups. It’s that Americans have more toys. It’s estimated that 50 to 60 percent of the world’s pleasure craft are sold here, as are more than 40 percent of the world’s snowmobiles. Boats need to get to the lake, and snowmobiles to the trail. And few of the cars that race at the country’s 1339 drag strips, road courses, and ovals drive there themselves. Americans need these workhorses for weekend duty, but that doesn’t mean we want them to clomp around like Clydesdales. That’s why each of the examples here is its respective maker’s highest-trim, daily-use crew-cab model.
Chevrolet’s Silverado is all-new for 2019, with new bodywork on a new frame. The optional V-8 fitted to this example displaces 6.2 liters like the brand’s top offering from last year, but the engine, too, is fresh. Whereas last year’s 6.2 saved fuel with a cylinder-deactivation program that shut off four cylinders under light loads, the 2019 engine runs a new scheme from supplier Delphi that can drop as many as six cylinders when conditions are right, running the engine on anything from eight to two pots.
The Silverado tested here is the as-much-as-you-can-spend High Country version, which includes a two-speed transfer case, automatic stop-start, dual exhaust, body-color bumpers, LED lighting, and leather seats (heated and ventilated up front, heated outboard in the rear), and bases at $57,795. With a barrage of driving assists, 22-inch wheels, the upgraded engine (versus the base 5.3-liter V-8), and power-operated running boards, this one stickers at $67,420.
It’s a big year in the full-size-truck market—the Ram 1500 is also new. Its 5.7-liter Hemi V-8, now available with a 48-volt motor-generator assist, nestles in a redesigned frame wrapped in fresh bodywork. Crew-cab trucks like the one here get a nice bump in rear legroom, too. There isn’t a super-giganto Mega Cab yet, but the Rolls-Roycian 45.2 inches of stretch-out space means that the Ram sports 65 cubic feet of rear-seat room. Limited 4×4 models like this one, which base at $58,390, also boast an interior with such extraordinary attention to detail that it’s hard to believe this truck could possibly roll out of a factory by the hundreds of thousands.
A 19-speaker Harman/Kardon stereo, a suite of active driving assists, a panoramic sunroof, and the 5.7-liter Hemi with the optional eTorque 48-volt hybrid system jack the price for this one up to $69,190.
That seems like a lot until you peek at the Monroney for our Ford F-150. Wholly reimagined in «military-grade» Faygo can for 2015, the F-150 got a slight facelift last year that included a new grille and upgraded engines. Ford went a step further with the latter for 2019 by making the full-bore, Raptor-spec twin-turbo 3.5-liter EcoBoost with 450 horsepower and 510 pound-feet of torque standard in the top-of-the-line Limited model. (Lesser trims make do with 375 horsepower and 470 pound-feet.) At a base price of $72,055, the F-150 Limited comes preloaded with a panoramic sunroof, massaging front seats, power running boards, and assorted luxury trappings. This one arrived fitted with a tailgate step, a towing package, and a smattering of bed accessories that raised its price to an eye-watering $74,865.
With even the lowest as-tested price here creeping up on $70,000, these are undeniably lifestyle accessories more than tools. So we put them to work hauling their brands’ respective sports cars to Pittsburgh International Race Complex, about 40 miles northwest of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Because these trucks aren’t just about hard work; they’re about having fun in comfort. Let’s see which is the best enabler.
3rd Place:
Chevrolet Silverado 1500
Highs: We’ll shortly be a high country. That’ll make this more tolerable.
Lows: Harsh ride, cheap interior.
Verdict: We expected far more in the way of refinement, cabin polish, and value from this all-new Chevy truck.
It’s staggering just how stark the difference is between the Silverado and the two other trucks here. One logbook note called the Chevy «a $70,000 kick in the nuts.
» Technical editor David Beard wrote, «I like the engine in this truck, and that’s it.»
More on the Silverado
- Chevy Silverado’s Diesel Six Is Ultrasmooth
- 2019 Silverado 1500 2.7T Is Capable but Thirsty
To be fair, there are a few other things to appreciate. The low seating height gives the Silverado a uniquely carlike driving position. The brake pedal feels like it was pulled straight from the Corvette, and a 175-foot stop from 70 mph is rather impressive for a 5500-pound truck—though the 5600-pound F-150 stopped even shorter. And because the Chevy’s sunroof covers only the front seats, this truck has the most rear-seat headroom by a long shot. But the seats are flat, hard, and unsupportive, and the fronts don’t massage you (like the Ford’s) and the rears aren’t cooled (like the Ram’s).
Get out of the Ford and into the Chevy and you do appreciate the easy, natural torque of a large-displacement engine, and props to the Silverado’s trick cylinder deactivation for putting the 6.
2 ahead of a 3.5-liter in fuel economy, both with and without a trailer behind it. That just goes to show that no matter the cylinder count, displacement, or boost pressure, it takes fuel to make power. Also, it’s pretty awesome that the second-quickest truck here ran a 13.9 at 100 mph in the quarter-mile.
View Photos
Chevrolet’s Silverado High Country makes the least convincing case for a luxury-vehicle stand-in. Its ride and interior quality are not in the same league as the two other cowboy Cadillacs in this test.
Marc Urbano|Car and Driver
Our frustration with the Silverado is rooted in its ride and the noodly feel of the structure. Chevy followed its crosstown rival down the aluminum road only a short way, stamping the hood, doors, and tailgate from aluminum. The body and box are still steel. Chevy manages to undercut the Ford by 90 pounds just the same, though after driving the Silverado, we wished Chevy had put a little more beef into its structure.
Those 22-inch wheels are the hammers, and the body is a dulcimer string. This truck shakes and vibrates so much that, bombing down a rough road, we expected to get a call from OnStar asking if we’d been in an accident. (We’ve had that experience before off-pavement.) At one point in our drive, as we were passing over a series of speed bumps, technical director Eric Tingwall radioed from the Ram at the back of the pack to say he could see the difference in ride quality between the Chevy and the Ford, watching the Silverado’s multiple suspension oscillations as the F-150 would compress and rebound just once. And the Silverado suffered most from its trailer, with diagonal roadway seams initiating an unsettling wobble in the load. Although, while all three trucks have rearview camera modes that let the driver zoom in on the trailer hitch as he’s backing up to it, only the Chevy has an additional camera fitted in the high-mount stop lamp to serve as a high-angle rearview mirror when a trailer is attached.
The camera display takes over the rearview mirror when the driver flips the day/night switch, and it gives a far better view of traffic abaft than the tow truck usually has. It’s such a helpful feature that we expect the other two trucks to adopt it within a couple years.
The Silverado’s shortcomings, on the other hand, will be harder and more expensive for Chevy to address. There’s nothing like a $70,000 Silverado to prove just how far GM hasn’t come with its interiors. The plastics look and feel cheap, and the design, even in this High Country model, feels phoned in. Our jurors all agreed that few things about this truck feel new; Tingwall decreed it «a throwback to the days when pickup trucks were not family transportation.» It’s a far cry from the luxury toy-hauler experiences offered by Ford and Ram.
2nd Place:
Ford F-150
Highs: Powerful turbo six and seamless 10-speed, attractive inside and out.
Lows: The two-point spread is in the details, displacement doesn’t determine consumption so much as power does.
Verdict: An excellent truck that could only be bested by an outstanding one.
Ford convincing truck buyers that a V-6, even one with turbos hanging off the sides, is a suitable replacement for a V-8 would be almost as surprising a development as any of these brands winning conquest sales from the others. But, especially in this high-output spec, the engine impresses. While its low-end response isn’t as vigorous as the Chevy octopot’s, its brute force takes the worry out of highway merges, even with three tons of trailer along for the ride.
Future of the F-150
- 2021 Ford F-150 Will Get an Evolutionary Redesign
- Spy Photos Give a Closer Look at 2021 Ford F-150
- Electric Ford F-150 Could Be Here as Early as 2021
The only stock truck we’ve ever tested that’s outrun this F-150 was the old Dodge Ram SRT-10, and that was a standard-cab short-box truck packing a Viper V-10.
That a leather-lined crew cab powered by a V-6 is knocking on that title—and running a 13.7 at 102 mph in the quarter-mile—is remarkable. While the six’s muffled burr of an exhaust note isn’t as stirring as that old Viper engine or either of the eights in the other trucks tested here, as Tingwall noted, «I’d happily trade engine character for performance in a utilitarian application like this.» Ford also did a better job calibrating the jointly developed Ford-GM 10-speed transmission than GM did. The Silverado often required two separate shifts with a hesitation in between to find the right gear, as if it were reluctant to step all the way down. The Ford more often found the right ratio on the first try.
View Photos
The Ford F-150 Limited is the quickest-accelerating, most powerful, most expensive truck in this group of quick, powerful, and expensive trucks. But it narrowly misses our award for the best luxury truck.
Marc Urbano|Car and Driver
You could spend weeks divining the differences in ride quality between the Ford and the Ram, as both have commendably plush comportment with and without trailers hooked up.
Bumps fade in a single well-damped suspension cycle, and there’s none of the structural shudder that plagues the Silverado. We’ve been even more wowed by the ride in F-150s with smaller wheels, though, and would spec humbler rims than 22s were it our own money. But we all agreed that once the toy haulers were hooked up, the Ram was smoother and more controlled than the Ford.
Even four years in, the interior of this truck looks great, with rich detailing like the crosshatch-brushed-metal-look trim around the HVAC vents, genuine ash wood panels behind the door handles that seem as if they were sourced from the Gibson guitar factory, and distressed and mottled leather on the seatbacks. Ford’s secondary-control layout is easy to understand and use, and the massaging seats were welcomed by backs that had been tormented by the Silverado’s ride. But in the end, we were ever so slightly swayed to Team Ram by the erstwhile Dodge’s fabulous interior detailing and more composed trailering behavior.
1st Place:
Ram 1500
Highs: Interior suggests there’s still a tie to Daimler, velvety ride, Hemi roar.
Lows: Finished last in every single performance test, the heaviest here by a wide margin.
Verdict: A tugboat and a party barge in one; ready to tow your, er, tugboat or party barge.
It’s a little clichéd to say of a tow vehicle that you don’t even feel the trailer, but we were shocked by how literally true that is in the Ram. There’s a slight laziness from the rear end when changing lanes, but other than that, it’s easy to forget that the jerk tailgating you is actually a car you attached to your rear bumper. The air springs pump up to maintain ride height, the ride remains as imperturbable as it does when the truck is unladen, and the miles fade into, well, not memory, because there’s nothing memorable about them except how unremarkable they are.
This is an outstanding tow rig. Proof: The only complaint any of us could come up with regarding its trailering behavior was that the turn signals don’t have a one-touch six-blink function in tow mode.
More on the Ram 1500
- 2019 Ram 1500 Pickup Now Has a Trick Tailgate
- Big-Three Light-Duty Diesel Pickup Brawl
- Our Ram 1500 Limited Spoiled Us with Luxury
Even such a small omission is surprising, though, because the Ram is far and away the most thoughtfully executed full-size pickup in existence. For starters, it looks like a Mercedes-Benz S-class exploded inside. It looks more like the S-class in here than even an E-class does, particularly in the dark-blue/cream (Indigo/Frost per Ram) combo sported by this truck. The Limited’s nickel-finish metallic trim and striped black wood mean even the standard black interior is handsome enough, but the no-cost two-tone option with contrasting stitching and piping seems ripped from the pages of a luxury-brand ordering guide.
There are even little stitched-leather corsets on the A-pillar grab handles, and one staffer likened the filigrees sewn into the door panels and seats to lower-back tattoos. Speaking of Mercedes, did you know that the German word for said tattoos is Arschgeweih? It translates to «ass antlers.»
View Photos
It might seem silly to laud a pickup truck, even one as bougie as the Ram Limited, for the size of its infotainment screen. But ask yourself: If my pickup has a screen, would I like it to be small or large?
Marc Urbano|Car and Driver
Staff technophiles liked that the huge 12.0-inch touchscreen can be split in two, say, to show Apple CarPlay on top and navigation on the bottom. And everybody was blown away by the 19-speaker Harman/Kardon sound system, especially the brushed-metal speakers embedded above the rear-seat passengers’ heads. While the Ram’s enormous two-row sunroof, like the Ford’s, cuts into headroom for the tallest rear occupants, the Ram’s rear seats slide and recline, allowing those passengers to choose their priority: head- or legroom.
The Ram is not without its imperfections. It, too, uses some aluminum in its construction—the tailgate, engine mounts, steering gear, lower front control arms (the uppers are composite), and transmission crossmember—but at 6102 pounds, it’s 500 and 600 pounds heavier, respectively, than the Ford and the Chevy. Combine that with the weakest (but best-sounding) engine of the bunch, and it’s slow. FCA claims the $1450 eTorque system is good for a momentary torque boost of up to 130 pound-feet, but neither the seat of our pants nor our stopwatch could attest to that. Not only is the Ram slow, but its brake pedal is, in Tingwall’s words, «softer than the belly of a 23-pound cat.» And he’d know. When his tabby, Scooter, lays down—so always—she looks like a puddle of cat with a head floating in it.
The Ram, on the other hand, is a gooey puddle of luxury sedan with a tow hitch poking out from the rear bumper. It’s a toy hauler that is itself a toy.
It’s our new favorite full-size pickup. And it’s worth the money.
The Rest of the Best
- Best Pickup Trucks of 2019
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Comparing Sean McVay’s record compare to past LA Rams coaches
When the Los Angeles Rams decided to hire the youngest head coach in NFL history and signed Sean McVay, they were taking a big chance. Sure, he was bright, innovative and personable, but now he would be tasked with full control over players who were not only older than him, they had more NFL seasons under their belt.
The big chance has paid off, big time. After his first five seasons, at 68.13 percent, McVay is the winningest Rams coach in their storied history. In total wins, he only trails John Robinson (79) and Chuck Knox (72) and could pass them both this season, certainly Knox.
McVay’s current contract, valued at a reported $8.5 mil per year, is set to run through 2023. But what about after that? After the Rams Super Bowl victory, his brand and its potential is white hot. He was reported to be in line for a sportscasting job at Amazon for a potential $100 mil. He is also reported to be in negotiations for a contract extension that would make him one of the highest paid coaches in the NFL. Even if he gets his big Rams payday, how long can he ignore the money being thrown around by sports media?
Sean McVay- 2017 to date 62-29, made playoffs in four of five seasons, lost Super Bowl LII and won Super Bowl LVI
His youth and success are unprecedented. McVay has fused motion, formations, the play-action pass and outside zone run scheme to create space and lanes for his playmakers. He has allowed his defensive coaches the freedom to make their own mark on the 3-4 base.
McVay has a 7-3 playoff record. In his only season to miss the playoffs, a year of numerous injuries, it was a missed chip shot field goal that sealed the Rams exclusion.
With his playoff record, his only peer is Dick Vermeil and that 3-0 magical 1999-00 post season.
Before McVay’s ascension, the Rams had been muddled in the second division for a decade, not recording a winning season or playoff berth for 13 years.
It’s very hard not to link Dick Vermeil’s success with Mike Martz and Kurt Warner. Vermeil’s first two seasons with the Rams were utterly forgettable at 9-23. Then in ‘99, Martz was hired as offensive coordinator and due to a preseason injury to penciled-in starter Trent Green, the unknown Warner was pressed into a starting role. And thus, “the Greatest Show on Turf” (GSOT) was born.
The GSOT was arguably only a three year run. The out-of-nowhere 1999 season Super Bowl win, the stunning offense of 2000, and the return to the Super Bowl in 2001. Things got off the track in 2002, missing the post season with injuries to Warner and star running back Marshall Faulk. There was a flicker of life in 2003, Marc Bulger took over at quarterback and the Rams finished 12-4, but a playoff overtime loss snuffed out the flame.
Dick Vermeil- 1997 through 1999 25-26, won Super Bowl XXXIV over the Tennessee Titans 23-16
Vermeil’s first two seasons in St. Louis were completely forgettable and ended at 9-23, But, when it counted, Vermeil’s Rams went 3-0 on their way to a Lombardi Trophy. He retired after the Super Bowl win but returned to the coaching ranks in 2005 with the Kansas City Chiefs.
Mike Martz- 2000 through 2004, left the Rams after five games in 2005 due to illness 48-36, went to the playoffs four times and lost Super Bowl XXXVI to New England Patriots
The GSOT was Martz’s second term with the Rams, he was quarterbacks coach from 1992 to 1994 and wide receivers coach in 1995 and ‘96. Martz was widely renowned for his uptempo and wide open offensive schemes. In 2005, Martz was diagnosed with heart ailment and took a leave of absence, but GSOT was over and He was fired at the end of the season.
He later became the offensive coordinator for the Detroit Lions, San Francisco 49ers, and Chicago Bears.
Photo by Focus on Sport/Getty Images
During this era, things started out great with eight straight trips to the playoffs and a berth in the Super Bowl but eventually eroded into nine straight seasons of post season futility during the mid-90’s.
There was plenty of drama in these years. Just to name a few.
- Rams owner Carrol Rosenbloom made plans to move the team to Anaheim in 1980, but didn’t live long enough to see its fruition, dying in a swimming accident in 1979.
- Rosenbloom hired George Allen as coach in 1978, but there were numerous hostilities from day one and fired him after two preseason games. He also fueded with Chuck Knox, leading him to step down.
- Ray Malavasi, who as college football player, had been thrown out of the U.S. Military Academy in a cheating scandal, resigned from his previous team, the Oakland Raiders to become the Rams head coach.
There were accusations of tampering, but no charges were filed. - The Rams had a number of high-profile players who went through contentious and public salary negotiations. The list of stars that left LA early deserves a story of its own.
Chuck Knox- 1973 through 1977 57-20-1, five straight years in playoffs
Ground Chuck won 73.08 percent of regular season games and five straight West Division crowns by averaging over 2500 rushing yards per season. Even with five different starting quarterbacks, John Hadl, James Harris, Pat Haden, Ron Jaworski, and Joe Namath.
The playoffs were a completely different story, the Rams were 3-5 under Knox and lost three consecutive Conference Championship tries. Even with all his success, he stepped down after the ‘77 season and would eventually return to the Rams in 1992 for a three year stint. He could not recapture his past success and was fired after a 15-33 record and no post season trips.
Ray Malavasi -1978 through 1982 40-33, three straight playoff berths from ‘78 to ‘80 and lost in Super Bowl XIV
Malavasi was Knox’s defensive coordinator and stayed on after he resigned.
George Allen was originally brought back to fill the coaching void, but only lasted the first two exhibition games before Rams ownership fired him. Malavasi took over as the Rams head coach.
Inheriting a solid roster, Malavasi took LA to the NFC Championship in his first year and the Super Bowl in his second, losing to the Pittsburgh Steelers 31-19. The Rams fell off track in his final two years to 8-17, and after finishing dead last in strike-shortened 1982 season, Malavasi was fired. He would never work again in the NFL.
John Robinson- 1983 through 1991 79-74, five wild card playoff berths, West division champs in 1985, and two NFC Championship game losses in ‘85 and ‘89.
With the rise of the San Francisco 49ers in the eighties, Robinson and the Rams rode the legs of Eric Dickerson and later, the arm of Jim Everett to five second place West Division finishes. Breaking through in ‘85 to win the division and go on to the NFC Chapionsip Game, losing to the Chicago Bears.
Robinson was a erudite and well-spoken hire, he had won four Rose Bowl’s and a National Championship at the University of Southern California. He was 4-6 in playoff games and his overall record was marred by the 1987 strike shortened/replacement players season (6-9) and the Rams overall lack of talent in his final two years (8-24).
George Allen- 1967 through 1970 50-17-4, lost conference playoffs in ‘67 and ‘69
The Rams had gone 39-63-4 prior to Allen’s hire. Over his first stint in LA, he won 70.42 percent of regular season games. But in the post season he was on 0-2 in playoff games and 2-0 in the strange, but true 3rd place games.
Allen’ tenure was not without its melodrama. When hired by the Rams, he was sued for breach of contract by his former team, the Chicago Bears. Even though the Chibears prevailed, they allowed Allen to stay in LA. After the 1968 season, Rams ownership did not re-up Allen’s contract, effectively letting him go. When most of the Rams players went on the record to ask for a trade and/or threaten to retire if Allen was not re-signed, ownership inked to another two year deal.
Photo by Diamond Images/Getty Images
Covering the years after the leagues World War II suspension of play in 1943, the transition from Cleveland to Los Angeles in 1945, and their first ten years on the West Coast, the Rams went through seven coaches. During this era, their was substantial coaching turnover, but LA made five trips to the NFL Championship and won twice.
Aldo Donelli (1944) and Bob Snyder (1947) also led the Rams, for a year each, during this period and neither were able to secure a winning record. Sid Gillman took over in 1955 and won the Western Conference before losing in the Championship game. After his winning first season, the team dropped off and Gillman finished at 28-32-1.
Adam Walsh- 1945-46 16-5-1 overall and won 1945 NFL Championship
In the Rams last season in Cleveland, they brought in Walsh from Bowdoin College in Maine. He was originally a high school star from Hollywood, Ca. and is the center on Notre Dame’s all-time team.
Walsh didn’t stay in LA very long, after the 1946 season he returned to Bowdoin and was eventually named to the College Football Hall of Fame.
Clark Shaughnessy- 1948 and 49 14-8-3 and lost in 1949 NFL Championship
Often called the father of the modern T-formation and the forward pass, Shaughnessy was a football innovator who also was the first NFL coach to use three wide receivers. He did this with LA to utilize Elroy “Crazy Legs” Hirsch as a flanker with wide outs Tom Fears and Bob Shaw, creating mismatches and getting his playmakers into space. He only lasted two seasons in LA, with reports that his playbook was too big being a reason for his demise.
Joe Stydahar- 1950 to 1952, fired after one game in ‘52 19-9, lost the 1950 NFL Championship and turned around and won it all in 1951.
Two years leading the Rams to the title game and Stydahar was gone. Undone by a beef with his (Hamp Pool) offensive coordinator. After leaving, he knocked around, but wasn’t able to recapture his success with LA until being hired as the offensive line coach for the Chicago Bears in 1963.
He is a member of both the NFL and College Hall of Fame.
Hamp Pool- 1952 through 1954 23-12-2, lost 1952 conference playoff
After taking over after the first game in ‘52, Hamp led the Rams to a National Conference tie with the Detroit Lions. The Rams fell in the tiebreaker conference game 31-21. In 1953, three losses by a combined eight points left LA at 8-3-1 and out of the playoffs. The Rams fell off in 1954 and like his predecessor, behind-the-scenes drama and discord did Hamp in. After knocking around a few years, Pool was re-united with the Rams as an assistant in 1960 and finished his LA career as a scout.
Sean McVay has made the Rams relevant again and no matter what his future decisions may be, he has the team on the right track for the near future. The “win now” label fits McVay and the whole Rams organization. Give it all, get paid for it, and don’t leave any opportunities for progress on the table.
Comparisons grow between Josh Allen and Ben Roethlisberger following Bills’ Week 1 blowout over Rams
By
Bryan DeArdo
Sep 9, 2022
at
1:20 pm ET
•
3 min read
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During last year’s season opener, Josh Allen’s Bills were on the wrong side of a 23-16 score against Ben Roethlisberger’s Pittsburgh Steelers.
A year later, Allen and his teammates were victorious in their first game, as the Bills routed the defending champion Rams in front of a nationally televised audience.
Before he was a dominant NFL defender, Rams defensive tackle Aaron Donald was a young Pittsburgh native who every Sunday watched the Steelers and Roethlisberger, who won two Super Bowls during Donald’s formative years. Prior to Thursday night’s matchup, Donald compared Allen to the Steelers’ former quarterback.
«He’s a big guy, he’s a tough guy, he’s athletic,» Donald said, via the Rams’ YouTube channel. «In my opinion, he’s like a futuristic Big Ben. A little bit more athletic, can move a little bit better. But he’s a guy that ain’t gonna go down easy so you got to come with your big boy pads when you get to wrap him up.»
ABSOLUTELY RIDICULOUS!!!
?: @SNFonNBC pic.twitter.com/p48vi9M996
— Buffalo Bills (@BuffaloBills) September 9, 2022
Those comparisons continued during Buffalo’s 31-10 win over Donald’s Rams.
During the broadcast, NBC play-by-play analyst Cris Collinsworth praised Allen’s Roethlisberger-esque pump fake. The comparisons continued on social media well into the night and into Friday, as fans and analysts alike continue to compare and contrast the two quarterbacks.
There’s no question that components of Allen’s game are similar to Roethlisberger. For starters, both quarterbacks are similar in size. Allen is 6-foot-5 and 237 pounds, while an in-his-prime Roethlisberger checked in at 6-foot-5 and 240 pounds. Like Roethlisberger did throughout his 18-year-career, Allen uses his size to scan over defenses while shedding off would-be tacklers.
As far as game play, Allen has adapted a quality that Roethlisberger acquired late in his career: the ability to get rid of the ball at an incredibly fast rate. Allen constantly offset the Rams’ rush with quick passes to his receivers. Roethlisberger, partly by necessity while playing behind a struggling offensive line, did much of the same during his last two years in Pittsburgh.
It allowed him to stay relatively healthy while helping the Steelers make consecutive playoff appearances.
Mobility is the main differences between the two quarterbacks. Unlike Allen, the Steelers rarely employed designed running plays for Roethlisberger, who mostly used his mobility to extend plays and, if the opportunity presented itself, to take off and pick up the necessary yards for either a first down or a touchdown. Running the ball is a much bigger component to Allen’s game. With Thursday night’s touchdown run, Allen has run for 2,381 yards and 32 touchdowns with a 5.5-yards-per-carry average. To compare, Roethlisberger ran for 1,373 yards and 20 scores while posting a 2.7-yards-per-carry average.
I’m going to try posting some old #Steelers highlights as often as possible to spread some positivity during this difficult time. Here is Ben Roethlisberger leaving the Browns defense in the dust as he runs 30-yards for the go ahead TD. Backyard football Ben at his best.
pic.twitter.com/C4WpM30RTa
— Daniel Valente (@StatsGuyDaniel) March 22, 2020
Allen is the more accomplished runner, but Roethlisberger continues to hold the mantle as the toughest quarterback to sack during this era. Roethlisberger, even when a defender was able to get his mitts on him, was often able to sling the ball out to a teammate to salvage a positive play.
Like Roethlisberger, Allen plays with the game with a fearless (some would call it a bit reckless) demeanor that often renders him open to taking big hits. Allen’s style of play, like it did with Roethlisberger, has surely endeared him to his teammates, particularly on the offensive line. Bills fans are just hoping that Allen can remain healthy for a possible Super Bowl run.
Speaking of Super Bowls, that is the main difference between the two quarterbacks. Roethlisberger is one of four starting quarterbacks this century to win multiple Super Bowls. Allen is hoping to win his first this year while in the process helping the Bills capture their first Vince Lombardi Trophy.
Allen, if he can continue to play at the level he played at on Thursday night, may also put himself into the running for league MVP, an award that eluded Roethlisberger during his decorated run with the Steelers.
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What breeds of sheep and rams are there — Tips and features
People who love to deal with the land, plants and domestic animals — invest a lot of backbreaking and diligent work.
Sheep and rams are among the calm and peaceful farm animals. This type of livestock is one of the most pliable, adaptive and flexible animals that can survive in any climatic zone, accept any feeding schedule, and so on.
Breeds of rams and sheep in nature
Mother Nature has rewarded us with about 60 different species of sheep and rams. As we have already said, this type of domestic animal can get along with any climatic conditions and food necessary for existence. In addition, they are not picky in feed and other food.
Common features in all sheep and rams
With the exception of distinctive characteristics between breeds, sheep, like rams, are famous for the following physiological features:
— pointed animal head;
— labile lips;
— pupils of a rectangular shape;
— sharp teeth, set obliquely.
From the earliest books we have learned that sheep belong to the category of animals that feed exclusively on plant foods, but this is not so.
They have a strong chewing apparatus, due to which they have a high susceptibility to coarse food of the type of feed of various grades. We have decided on the physiology of animals, now we need to figure out how they behave in various environmental conditions.
It is most difficult for sheep and rams in persistent heat with high humidity, as thick and impenetrable wool makes the skin of animals very steamy. On the reverse side, the woolen cover gives sheep a big advantage over other household animals: in persistent cold, they are able to stay in open areas for a long time, or even all year round.
Another highlight of all breeds of sheep is that in a certain area on the tail or fat tail they lay fat accumulations for the winter, thanks to which they survive in the absence of food and the wildest cold.
How long do animals live? The general age period for all is from 12 to 14 years, but farmers prefer to take care of them for 8 years, since their greatest productivity is observed in this phase.
Sheep breeds by wool type:
1. Coarse-wool type of sheep
strength. Representative females during their pregnancy are able to endure and give birth to several lambs and hunt outside the mating period. Species: Voloshsky, Kuchugurovsky, Romanovsky and Cherkasy.
— Smushkovy type, which is divided into Karakul and Sokolsky: they are used to produce amazing and persistent smushkas, as practice shows, they have a rather large demand in the markets. Also, the Karakul breed has high-quality dairy and meat raw materials. In turn, Sokolsky representatives of coarse-wooled sheep present gray astrakhans of relatively poor quality, but in comparison with Karakul sheep they have a bright, outstanding color.
— Meat type: sheep of this breed are hardy and it is recommended to graze them in open areas all year round. Under conditions of bad weather or lack of food, they quickly use up their own reserves of body fat. Some science scholars and zoologists also assign Hissar sheep to the meat-fat type, which are recognized as the largest breed in the world.
— Meat-wool-milk type: found in the North Caucasus and Transcaucasia. Sheep have coarse wool with a high down content. The quality of meat in this breed of sheep is also not inferior.
2. Fine-fleeced type of sheep
The main feature of fine-fleeced sheep is that they have a luxurious crimped “hair”, naturally, this breed is intended not only for textile production, but also for meat products.
— Wool Type: Gives producers quality merino wool. Due to their physiology (weak muscle layers, which affects meat products), they have a high folding of the skin layers, which ultimately leads to obtaining a large amount of wool from an adult, healthy individual. Since this species of sheep and rams adapts best to arid environments, farmers graze them in places such as the Volga region, Stavropol, Dagestan and Kalmykia. Species: Grozny, Merino and Stavropol.
— Wool-meat type: in contrast to the wool type, it has a strong physique with less wrinkling.
Based on the names in the classification, we can judge that this type is good both in textile production and in raw meat products. In order for them to be strong and full, they should be bred in areas with a temperate climate and good food forage — Altai, the Caucasus and the southern part of Ukraine. Species: Ascanian, Transbaikal and Caucasian.
— Meat-wool type: famous for less wrinkling of the skin layer and good meat qualities, which is noticed already during puberty. It is customary to care for them and graze in places with a semi-arid and dry climate. Species: archamerinos, Dagestan and mountain.
3. Semi-fine-wool sheep type
There are two types:
Meat-wool long-haired type: characterized by strong muscles and a broad head. Correctly add 2 more subtypes: luster and semi-luster type of sheep. Luster sheep have a thick skin with a large mass, white and long wool. Species: Lincoln and Russian Longhair.
Meat-wool type with short hair: Gorky, Tsigay, Lithuanian black-headed sheep with a good constitution with a short coat.
Types: Kuibyshev and Romney march, Gorky, Latvian dark-headed, Tsigai and Estonian dark-headed.
The best breeds of sheep
Romanov breed of sheep
The Romanov breed of sheep includes coarse-wooled, short-tailed and meat-wool sheep and rams. Historically, the breed originates from a 200-year-old village in the city of Romanov, which has already been renamed the Yaroslavl region. Sheep can be recognized by:
- narrow muzzle;
- broad chest;
- short tail;
- sharp teeth, obliquely located, etc.
The Romanovskaya breed has good adaptive features, which increases the cost and value of this species. They are able to withstand long periods of cold, up to dry heat. And all thanks to their wool, which will be discussed further.
The quality and quantity of wool is not inferior to even the most multi-haired sheep, which puts it above some other species. In addition to good wool, sheep can also boast of fluff, reminiscent of silk in sensations, which curls easily and sinuously, and is reflected on the inside with a heavenly blueness.
As far as fertility is concerned, there is nothing to worry about. Sheep can bear and give birth to many lambs. During lactation, up to 200-300 ml of milk is secreted. They live from 14 to 15 years, the average duration is up to 10 years. The female weighs an average of 45 kg, and the weight of males reaches up to 70 kg.
Romanov sheep are sheared three times a year (March, June and September). It is necessary to cut on time, because the backlog can lead to a deterioration in the quality of the coat. This breed is famous for the best wool, which warms well, has strength and warm sensations, not only does it look no less beautiful than others.
Edilbaevskaya breed of sheep
Edilbaevskaya breed of sheep is characterized only by positive qualities with high productivity and value both among producers and buyers. Sheep have a good physique with a strong constitution and a developed fat tail. Sheep and ram sizes:
- bust: 98-108cm;
- oblique body length: 78-84 cm;
- height at the withers: 75-87 cm;
- male weight: 115-165 kg;
- weight of females: 66-101 kg.
Sheep shearing up to 3 kg, and sheep shearing up to 7 kg. The composition of the wool has a heterogeneity, but decent quality, which distinguishes this breed from others. It is important to consider the following components when determining the quality of wool:
- awn — up to 29%
- fineness — 60 µm
- transitional hair — 18%
- fluff — 55%.
Red, brown and black sheep are distinguished by color. The average amount of milk produced by such a breed is up to 160 liters (!). Milk is used for the production of primchik, cheeses, oils and ayran. Fat content around 4%.
Hissar breed of sheep
It is customary to attribute the Hissar breed of sheep to animals with coarse wool and meat-fat composition. The Hissar breed is one of the largest breeds among sheep around the world. Animals have good muscle mass with sebaceous layers. Also, this breed boasts strong immunity and excellent adaptation.
Sheep are raised in the region of Uzbekistan and Tajikistan.
Hissar representatives should be divided into the following subtypes: meat, meat-fat and greasy types of sheep. The anatomy of sheep is arranged in such a way that the frame consists of strong and powerful vertebrae, their body is strong and strong, the chest is supple and is a protective armor.
The length of the body in males is on average 86 cm, females — 81 cm. The weight of males reaches up to 200 kg, and in females up to 75 kg or more. The hooves are long and thin, but thanks to their endurance, they are able to run long distances. If you look at the photos, you can see that their ears look quite “sad” because they hang down regardless of their mood.
The rune is brown in color, but may be black, it feels rough and about 30% of the hair is dead. It needs to be trimmed twice a year. This breed has one negative sign — low fertility and fecundity in females.
Texel breed
Texel sheep are semi-fine-wooled domestic animals with a white coat that grows in a strict upward direction and is quite thick.
The highlight of these animals is that the head and hooves are not covered with hair, and their muzzle is slightly flattened with ears sticking up. The tail is small and set high.
The length of the cover is up to 17-18 cm, the clipping volume is up to 7 kg. In addition, it should be cut only once a year and in the summer. The wool itself is used for the production of socks, stockings, tights and threads (light industry). The mass of animals reaches 140-150 kg, in females it is less by 20 kg.
The Texel breed is the only one that does not possess the instinct of existence and self-survival. However, nature has rewarded them with good muscle mass, which makes them fleshy. Connoisseurs of this type of meat know what it catches — a delicate taste, the absence of a bitter aftertaste or excessive fat content.
Female fertility is high and lambs are generally born as twins. Texels have a strong immune status and high adaptive quality in the herd.
Karakul breed of sheep
This breed takes its ancient origins from historical lands.
There are several types of Karakul breed: strong, rough and tender sheep. Animals are famous for their strong immunity, strong body and dexterity. They graze in the area of the CIS countries (most in the Russian zone), Asia and the Eastern regions.
The anatomy of such sheep is quite interesting and attractive — their body is strong and strong, their nose is humped and occupies most of the front part of the head. The hooves are strong and firm, and completely covered with hair. The ears are hanging and large, and their neck is short. In rams, the horns are large and curled, but the tail is aimed upwards, its end is whitish.
Males weigh up to 95 kg, females — 55 kg. As a rule, females have good fertility and fecundity. Their milk is used to make dairy products. But their coat is coarse, no more than 10 cm long, the color is completely different (from white to dark pink).
Sheep of this breed are sheared twice a year — autumn and spring seasons. Type of wool: colored, white and light gray.
Altai breed of sheep
Altai sheep belong to the type of sheep with a fine fleece and meat-wool type. Females are polled, and males have large horns. This breed was formed by crossing rambouillet with merino. Altai sheep and rams are known all over the world.
In their physique they are large and strong, the constitution is developed correctly and well. The body is long with a straight fit, but their withers are the widest than in other breeds. The hooves are even, strong and hardy. The skin is folded.
It can be determined from the wool that these animals have heredity with the Merino breed: the correct growth, the clarity of the crimp, the length and thickness are proportional. Body weight in females is on average 67 kg, in females — 100 kg or more.
Merino breed
They are classified as fine-fleece meat-wool breed. This subspecies is most common in the Russian area. Their number mainly exceeds in the Dagestan region and in Stavropol.
Animals are strong, strong and hardy. Their physique allows them to overcome many obstacles in pastures, their hooves are even and stable. The mass of males is 93-145 kg, and females — 50-55 kg.
Wool is light in color, easy to comb and of excellent quality. Up to 15 kg of wool is sheared from one male, and up to 7 kg from a lamb.
Caucasian breed of sheep
Caucasian sheep and rams belong to this species, which have fine wool, but good meat. The breed was formed as a result of a merger between rambouillet and Ascanian sheep, and partly with the New Caucasian merino.
This agricultural breed is famous for its excellent endurance to all adaptive climate changes and not only. Most of all, they love the dry climatic environment, so they are grown on pastures in Russia and other former CIS countries.
Farmers are very satisfied with the breed, as they show their productivity not only in raw meat, but also in the production of the textile industry.
They look strong and durable. Their neck is of medium shape and fit, the torso is long and large, and the limbs are stable. The head is straight set with small ears on the top of the head.
Rams have bulky horns, as well as a weight that can fluctuate up to 110 or 115 kg. Females, in turn, weigh up to 74-74 kg maximum. Adult males differ in that corresponding folding is observed on their neck. Milk productivity is not inferior to other breeds of sheep.
How to accurately find the right breed of sheep?
To choose the right breed for you, you should follow a number of important factors:
- Good and strong health, which is the key to high productivity in animals.
- Strong stature and good dexterity.
- Well-developed skin and coat, bone frame, muscle and subcutaneous fat layers.
- Healthy digestive tract.
- Long, beautiful and soft coat.
- Smooth withers and back, which speaks of the strength of the animal.
Why pay attention to wool so seriously?
Wool is one of the important components when choosing a sheep breed. It can be different: short or long, rough or soft, from dark to very light, curled or straight, and so on.
Distinctive classification between coat types:
— Fine wool : high quality wool; soft sensations when stroking, the color of the coat is light.
— Semi-fine coat: the coat is sinuous, shiny and long, unlike other types; here you can distinguish subspecies depending on the sheen of wool.
— Rough-haired breed: coarse and tall wool; a distinctive feature is a large number of awns.
Meat or dairy sheep?
Requirements for the selection of meat breed : the main emphasis is set on the body type of the animal. This is the proportionality and strength of the constitution of a sheep or ram. Further, this is fat deposition, which should be minimal in the area of \u200b\u200bthe limbs (in places), the abdominal cavity and sides.
Requirements for the selection of dairy breed : you should not acquire a herd only for breeding dairy products, since a healthy sheep must have not only milk production, but also good meat production. When focusing on milk production, the condition of the udder and wool of animals should be taken into account.
It is believed that if an ungulate animal has disproportion, then it is with low productivity indicators. However, one should not rely on such a statement. Our article will help you understand the breeds, find out each uniqueness, and understand the main thing: what is the difference in choosing.
The whole truth about sheep: they are neither stupid nor defenseless
- Harriet Constable
- BBC Earth
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Image copyright iStock
Sheep are one of the few animals that have been stereotyped as unfair.
Almost everything we think about them is not true.
What do we think of them: Sheep are stupid, defenseless and harmless creatures that wander aimlessly through meadows and hills. All they need is thick wool and edible meat.
Actually: In fact, sheep are surprisingly smart, they have a good memory, and their cognitive abilities (the ability to perceive information and process it) are quite developed. They know how to be friends, stand up for each other and are sad when their partner is sent to the slaughterhouse. And in destructive skills for nature few people can compete with them.
Image copyright iStock
Image caption
Man has been raising sheep for thousands of years
Smart. Complex. They love company. But not people. Is it really about sheep, which, if they are good for anything, are for barbecue? And their wool is also good .
.. But intelligence ?!
We are accustomed to consider a sheep ( Ovis aries ) impenetrably stupid. This opinion has not changed much since the 18th century, when one of the founding fathers of the United States of America, George Washington, proclaimed: «If freedom of speech is taken away, then we, submissive and quiet, can be led to the slaughter like sheep.»
Nowadays, a sheep is called one who thoughtlessly and submissively follows others. «Don’t be a sheep!» — so they say when they call on a person to think with his own head and not obey someone else’s will.
However, the truth is that sheep are much smarter than people think.
Image copyright, iStock
Image caption,
The environmental impact of sheep is significant, to say the least
In a 2001 study, Keith Kendrick found that these modest-looking animals can remember and then recognize at least 50 human faces per over the next two years or more.
An unattainable result even for some people.
«Sheep clearly showed signs of recognizing individuals when they were shown painted faces,» says Kendrick.
Scientists have also found evidence that sheep understand human facial expressions and prefer a smile.
In an interview with the BBC, Kendrick said: «The way the sheep’s brain is organized suggests that these animals must respond emotionally to what they see around them.»
Caroline Lee of the Australian National Association for Scientific and Applied Research has also studied sheep for intelligence.
She found that sheep can learn to find their way through a complex maze. The sight of other familiar sheep waiting at the exit of the maze helped the experimental animal reach the result faster.
Sheep are not only smart, but also playful; in general, they are a rather positive, cheerful animal. Just watch this video to be sure.
In addition, sheep have different sexual habits — 8% of them prefer same-sex relationships.
This is one of the few animals that remain faithful to their homosexual choice throughout their lives.
Image copyright, iStock
Image caption,
A man wants meat and wool from a sheep. What does a sheep need from a human?
Sheep have difficult relationships within the herd. Approximately two decades ago, researchers at the University of California observed sheep for three years and came to the conclusion that they can be bound by bonds of strong friendship. They help each other in difficult situations — stand up for the weak and, if necessary, fight shoulder to shoulder with enemies.
The manifestations of friendship and fidelity in sheep and rams are emotionally colored. A 2009 study published in the international journal Animal Welfare , showed that sheep are capable of experiencing a range of feelings — from fear to anger, from despair to happiness.
«[Like in humans], feelings of desperation arose in situations that could be described as sudden, unfamiliar, unpredictable .
.. and uncontrollable, while familiar, predictable surroundings caused boredom,» write the authors.
Image copyright iStock
Image caption
Mouflon, the closest relative of the domestic sheep in the wild
The irony is that sheep live next to man and have been with man for so long, and we know so little about them.
These animals were domesticated between 11000 and 9000 BC. — because of thick wool, meat and milk. Sheep are mentioned in countless books, religious texts, and even astrology.
Say, the astrological sign Aries is nothing but a ram (however, if a woman was born under this sign, then it is a sheep). In the ancient Egyptian religion, the ram symbolized several gods at once.
The expression from the New Testament «to separate the lambs from the goats» (Gospel according to Matthew) allegorically means «to separate the good from the bad», the righteous from the sinners. So the sheep here symbolize goodness.
- The whole truth about chickens: they are not stupid at all
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It is believed that in the wild the closest relative of domestic sheep is the mouflon, from which it originates.
Wild mouflons were found in large numbers in ancient Mesopotamia (covering what is now the Middle East at that time, including Iraq, Kuwait, eastern Syria and southeastern Turkey).
They had mighty horns, with which they successfully defended themselves from predators, but then people made sure that the sheep did not have such horns, but had constantly growing thick wool.
Image copyright, iStock
Image caption,
There’s intelligence in those eyes…
But despite human efforts, today’s sheep are still capable of something.
Firstly, they can give a good kick if you gape and get too close to them.
Especially often a sheep does this to protect its young.
Despite their peaceful and calm appearance, sheep run fast and can climb steep slopes in ways that many predators never dreamed of.
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And to top it all off, sheep have excellent peripheral vision: they have horizontal slit-like pupils that allow them to see almost what is happening behind their backs without turning their heads.
It is clear that none of these worthy qualities will save a sheep if a person wants to put it under the knife.
People love the meat and wool of this animal so much that there are now about 1.2 billion sheep on our planet.
200 million of them live in China, more than 70 million in Australia, more than 60 million in India, 45 million in Iran, 41 million in Nigeria, about 40 million in Sudan.
Great Britain has a total sheep herd of 33 million heads, and New Zealand — almost 30 million.
In Kenya, where there are approximately 17 million sheep (which are bred for meat), these animals are a disaster for wildlife.
Image copyright, iStock
Image caption,
Dall sheep (wild sheep)
A study published in September 2016 showed that the population of all wild animals in Kenya declined by 68% between 1977 and 2016. Those affected include warthogs, many species of antelope and the rare Grevy’s zebra (desert zebra). During the same period, the number of sheep increased by 76.3%.
«Aerial observations by the Kenyan authorities have shown that the number of sheep has increased dramatically over the past 40 years,» says co-lead author Joseph Ogutu of the University of Hohenheim in Stuttgart, Germany.
«Sheep bite the grass very low to the ground, and when there are a lot of them, they simply destroy pastures.
This is terrible because most wild animals [such as elephants, buffaloes and zebras] need taller grass to eat.»
In the Masai Mara in 1992, according to Ogutu, the number of buffalo was approaching 13,000, but has since declined sharply.
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livestock, the result was a 76% decline in the buffalo population in just one year and has not recovered since.”
Droughts have been quite common in Kenya before, but now that there are so many sheep, the consequences for animals competing for the same resources, both domestic and wild, are severe, says Ogutu. He and his colleagues are calling on the Kenyan government to limit the number of sheep and other livestock.
Image copyright, iStock
Image caption,
A sheep turned into a destructive animal
But what’s happening in Kenya is only part of the global story.
Demand for livestock products around the world is still growing, and the pressure on the environment in this regard is increasing, noted in a 2006 report by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in 2006.
There are so many sheep on our planet that they have turned into an animal that destroys nature.
Raising sheep in such numbers, people are making a significant contribution to the process of deforestation and climate change, resulting in a shortage of drinking water.
Of course, this is not the fault of the sheep themselves. But when you know all these facts, the sheep no longer seems innocent or stupid.
Read the original of this article in English can be found on the website BBC Earth .
Baranov Vladimir Viktorovich — 8 reviews | Kemerovo
8 reviews
Chiropractor8 reviews
Experience 38 years
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Baranov Vladimir Viktorovich, Kemerovo: chiropractor, 8 patient reviews, places of work, experience 38 years.
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Treatment profile
9
Work experience
6
Education
5
Awards
1
Rating
Reviews
8
Photo
4
Treatment Profile
-
46% %
Dorsopathy
-
4%
Curic
-
4%
Intervertebral hernia
-
4%
radiculolite (radiculopathy)
-
4%
Lumbago
-
4%
Head pain
-
3%
Neuropathy
- 9000
2007 — 2010
Eligomed LLC, Kemerovo
Chiropractor
-
2010 — 2012
Vash Doktor9 LLC, Kemerovo
Chiropractor0003
-
2012 — 2021
MSC Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation Kemerovo Department of Rehabilitation
Manual therapist
-
2014 — 2021
Medical Center «Vitacacor Plus» on miners «Kemerovo
Manual therapist
-
2021 – 2021
Capital Clinic on Babushkinskaya Moscow
Chiropractor
3
0091
Education
-
1984
Kemerovo State Medical Academy
(sanitary and hygienic business)
Basic education
-
1991
Novokuznetsk State Institute for Postgraduate Medical Education
(manual therapy)
Advanced training
-
2007
Novokuznetsk State Institute for Postgraduate Medical Education
(manual therapy)
Retraining cycles
-
2012
Novokuznetsk State Institute for Postgraduate Medical Education
(manual therapy soft techniques)
Advanced training
-
2017
Kemerovo State Medical Academy
(manual therapy)
Advanced training
Professional awards
-
2010
Medal «For faith»
Rating
Reviews
Folk rating
+7.
8 Examination
+1.9
Treatment effectiveness
+2.0
Attitude towards the patient
+2.0
Information
+2.0
Would you recommend a doctor?
+1.9
Rating lowered: the doctor did not confirm the category
Experience38 years
CategoryHigher
Academic degree No
Reviews
Patient
+7-950-26XXXXXSeptember 12 at 16:44
+2.0
Great
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Excellent
Excellent
Excellent
Excellent
Definitely
Checked (2)
Visited in January 2022
MCH MVD-st.
Kuzbasskaya, d.+2.0
Great
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Excellent
Excellent
Excellent
Excellent
Definitely
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Visited in December 2021
Palikha, 13/1, building 1
Patient
+7-903-11XXXXXDecember 9, 2021
at 17:53+1.8
Great
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Excellent
Excellent
Excellent
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Tested (2)
Visited in December 2021
Palikha Medical Center — st.
Palikha, 13/1, building 1 Patient
+7-916-36XXXXXSeptember 23, 2021
at 18:28+2.0
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Excellent
Excellent
Excellent
Definitely
Checked (2)
Visited in September 2021
Medical center «Palikha» Palikha, 13/1, building 1
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+7-924-39XXXXXFebruary 17, 2021
at 08:23+1.8
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Excellent
Excellent
Yes
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Visited in February 2021 Shakhterov, d.
+2.0
Great
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Excellent
Excellent
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Visited in December 2020
Kuzbasskaya, d.
+2.0
Great
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Excellent
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Patient
+7-950-27XXXXXNovember 2, 2020
at 08:19+2.
0Great
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Excellent
Excellent
Excellent
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Visited in November 2020
VitaKor Plus Medical Center on Shakhterov-st. Shakhterov, 68a
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breed Dorper: characteristics, breeding, photo, reviews
Content
- 1 Description
- 1.1 Nuances
- 1.2 Production
- 1.2.1 Cultivation
- 1.3 Breed advantages
- 1.4 Disadvantages
- 2 Reviews
- 3 Conclusion
Dorper is a breed of sheep with a short and extremely clear history of origin. The breed was bred in the 30s of the last century in South Africa. To provide the population of the country with meat, a hardy sheep was needed, able to exist and gain weight in the arid regions of the country. The Dorper breed was bred under the direction of the South African Department of Agriculture for breeding meat sheep. The Dorper was bred by crossing a fat-tailed Persian black-headed sheep of a meat direction and a horned Dorset.
Persian sheep were bred in Arabia and passed on to Dorper their high adaptability to heat, cold, dry and humid air.
In addition, the Persian black-headed sheep is distinguished by fertility, often bringing two lambs. She transmitted all these qualities to Dorper as well. Along with these characteristics, Dorper sheep also inherited color from the Persian Blackhead. The coat turned out to be «medium»: shorter than the Dorset, but longer than the Persian. Dorset sheep are famous for their ability to breed all year round. The same ability was inherited from them by Dorper.
In addition to the Dorset and Blackhead Persians, Van Rooy sheep have been used in small numbers in Dorper breeding. This breed influenced the formation of the white variant of the Dorper.
The breed was officially recognized in South Africa in 1946 and very quickly spread throughout the world. Today, Dorper sheep are bred even in Canada. They began to appear in Russia.
Description
Dorper sheep are animals of a pronounced meat type. A long massive body with short legs allows you to get the maximum yield of products with a minimum of waste.
The head is small with small ears. The muzzle of the Dorper is short and the heads are slightly cube-shaped. The neck is short and thick. The transition between the neck and head is poorly defined. Often there are folds on the neck. The chest is wide, with rounded ribs. The back is broad and may be slightly arched. The loin is well muscled and level. The «main» source of Dorper lamb is the thighs of this animal. In shape, they are similar to the thighs of the best meat breeds of cattle or pigs.
The color of most Dorper representatives is two-tone: white body and limbs and black head and neck. But there is a fairly large group of completely white Dorpers in the breed.
Completely black animals may also be encountered. Pictured is a black Dorper sheep from the UK.
Dorper breeds are short-haired, as they usually shed on their own in the summer, growing a relatively short coat. But the length of the Dorper fleece can be 5 cm. In the USA, Dorpers are usually shown shorn at exhibitions so that you can appreciate the shape of the sheep.
Because of this, a misconception has arisen that Dorpers have no long hair at all. They have wool. The fleece is often of a mixed type and contains long and short hairs. The Dorper coat is quite thick to allow these animals to live in cold climates. Pictured is a Dorper sheep on a Canadian farm in winter.
During the summer moult, South African Dorpers often leave patches of hair on their backs, protecting them from insects and sunlight. Although, as a defense, such shreds look ridiculous. But the Dorpers know better.
Important! The thickness of the skin of this breed is 2 times greater than that of other sheep.
Dorper sheep are early maturing and can start breeding from 10 months of age.
Dorset sheep may be either horned or polled. Persians are only polled. Dorpers, for the most part, also inherited polled. But sometimes there are horned animals.
American Nuances
According to the rules of the American Association, the stock of this breed is divided into two groups:
- purebred;
- purebred.
Animals with at least 15/16 Dorper blood are called purebreds. Purebred — 100% South African Dorper sheep.
According to South African regulations, all American stock can be classified according to quality into 5 types:
- type 5 (blue tag): very high quality breeding animal;
- type 4 (red tag): breeding animal, above average quality;
- type 3 (white tag): meat animal of the first grade;
- type 2: productive animal of the second grade;
- type 1: satisfactory.
Evaluation and division into types is carried out after examining the animals by articles. On examination, score:
- head;
- neck;
- forelimb belt;
- chest;
- hind limb belt;
- genitals;
- height/size;
- body fat distribution;
- color;
- coat quality.
The tail of this breed is not evaluated due to its docking immediately after birth.
The number of Dorpers in the US continues to increase and the number of evaluation shows will also increase.
Productivity
The weight of an adult ram is at least 90 kg. In the best specimens, it can reach up to 140 kg. Sheep usually weigh 60-70 kg, in rare cases they reach up to 95 kg. According to Western data, the modern weight of rams is 102-124 kg, ewes 72-100 kg. Three-month-old lambs gain from 25 to 50 kg of weight. By 6 months they can already weigh 70 kg.
Important! Western lamb producers recommend slaughtering lambs when they gain weight from 38 to 45 kg.
If you gain more weight, lamb will contain too much fat.
The productive characteristics of Dorper sheep are superior to many other breeds. But it is quite possible that only on western farms. An American breeding animal owner claims that just two Dorper ewes brought him 10 lambs in 18 months.
In addition to lamb, with a slaughter yield of 59% per carcass, Dorpers produce high-quality skins, highly valued in the leather industry.
Raising lambs
This breed has its own nuances in raising young animals for meat.
Due to the adaptability of Dorper lambs to a dry, hot climate and feeding on sparse vegetation, the characteristics of Dorper lambs are such that young animals need little grain for fattening. On the other hand, with hay deficiency, lambs can also switch to grain feed. But this is undesirable if there is a need to get high-quality lamb. Breed advantages
Sheep have a very docile nature and do not require much effort to manage the flock. Unpretentiousness in content makes this breed more and more popular in America and Europe. Fears that the southern breed is not able to endure frosty winters are not very well founded in this case. It is not necessary to leave them overnight in the snow, but Dorpers may well be in the winter on a paddock all day long, having at their disposal enough hay and shelter from the wind. Pictured are Dorper sheep on the run in Canada.
They also feel good in the Czech Republic.
At the same time, in hot regions, these animals can go without water for 2 days.
Dorper breeding is also easy. Ewes rarely have complications during lambing. Lambs can gain weight by 700 g daily, eating only pasture.
Meat of the Dorper sheep breed, according to the reviews of chefs in the restaurant and visitors, has a much more delicate taste than ordinary lamb varieties.
The absence or small amount of wool with a decrease in demand for sheep’s fleece today can also be attributed to the pluses of the breed. The thicker leather goes into the production of Cape Gloves and is highly valued.
Disadvantages
The disadvantages are the need to dock tails. Not every sheep breeder can handle this.
Reviews
Elizaveta Lirova, Selyugino village
I heard that this breed gives good results when crossed with Romanov sheep. There was no money to buy a few heads, these South African lambs are very expensive with us.
I took a 3-month-old ram for growth. He grew up surprisingly affectionate and calm, although usually rams, growing up, begin to try their hand. Crossbred lambs from him gained weight well, but, as I understand it, they can only be raised for meat. In six months, all young animals were slaughtered. Vitaliy Semashko, village of Pushkarnaya
I tried to get this breed, it’s good for everyone, but here in the village they look at me like I’m an idiot. And I can’t do it myself. Now they run with these laces, they look funny.
Conclusion
The breed is able to adapt well not only in hot steppes and semi-deserts, but also in a rather cold climate, because in fact South Africa is not such a hot climate as we used to think about Africa. The continental climate is characterized by cold nights and high daytime temperatures. Dorpers feel great in such conditions, excellently increasing live weight.
In Russian conditions, with an increase in the number of this breed, the meat of these sheep can be an excellent substitute for pork.
Considering that in many regions of Russia, due to ASF, it is forbidden to keep pigs, then Dorpers have every chance to win their niche in the Russian market. list of the best breeds and their productivity characteristics
Domestic sheep have been an important part of human life support from time immemorial. Wool, milk, fat and finally meat. Lamb, along with beef and pork, is very popular in the cuisine of different peoples of the world, and meat breeds of sheep provide maximum productivity at minimum cost.
Contents:
- General characteristics and differences of meat sheep breeds
- Best Russian Breeds
- Romanovskaya
- Gorkovskaya
- Romney March (Kuibyshevskaya)
- North Caucasian
- Near abroad breeds
- Latvian darkhead
- Edilbaevskaya
- Hissar
- Foreign breeds
- Dorper
- Vendée
- Zwartbles
- Texel
- Prekos
General characteristics and differences of meat breeds of sheep
The meat breed of sheep is primarily characterized by rapid weight gain.
Four-month-old lambs weigh at least half of an adult animal. The average weight gain, depending on the method of keeping, ranges from 300 g. By the age of one year, almost standard weight is noted, it is 80–90% of the average adult ram. Several groups can be conditionally distinguished in meat breeds. For example, meat-fat or fat tail, which have become widespread in the arid conditions of Asian countries. Typical representatives are the Gissar and Edilbaev breeds of sheep.
Another group is meat and wool, which include the best Russian breeds, such as: Romanov, Gorky, Kuibyshev sheep.
Each beef breed has its own characteristics. But there are also common characteristics:
- Strong physique with developed muscle mass.
- Thin bones.
- The skin is thin with a thick layer of subcutaneous fatty tissue, which grows regardless of the season.
- High yield of meat products.
- Fertility against the background of fast maturation.
- Unpretentiousness. Possibility of year-round grazing.
- Good immunity.
- Endurance.
Sheep, even meat breeds, are distinguished by high milk yield. Young growth on suction is growing rapidly. Mortality is minimal.
The best Russian breeds
Sheep breeding in Russia has a long history. In addition to the breeding achievements of Soviet breeding farms, such as Kuibyshevskaya, Gorkovskaya and North Caucasian, obtained with the active infusion of the European gene pool, it was possible to preserve older ones, for example, Romanovskaya.
Romanovskaya
If we talk about meat breeds of sheep in Russia, then you need to start with Romanovsky. Bred more than 2 centuries ago, they have excellent productivity.
Sheep are prolific. The average fertility rate in the livestock of ewes often reaches 300%, while during a two-year period a sheep can have up to 3 lambings. Lambs grow rapidly, at 6–7 months they weigh 30–35 kg.
The weight of adult rams is within 100 kg. Females are half the size. Sheep have a strong constitution and strong bones. Characteristic features of the exterior of the Romanov meat breed are polled and humpbacked head profile. In breeding unpretentious, quickly adapt to different climatic conditions.
Gorkovskaya
In the thirties of the XX century. By crossing breeding Hampshires with native domestic rams, Soviet breeders managed to obtain the Gorky meat breed with coarse short hair and high productivity. Due to the light skeleton and the rapid growth of muscle mass, as well as unpretentiousness, endurance and good immunity, they are widely used.
Fertility does not exceed 140%. Weight gain reaches 220 g. At 4 months, the lamb weighs about 30 kg. An adult ram gains up to 110 kg, and a sheep — up to 80 kg.
Romney-marsh (Kuibyshevskaya)
The famous English Romney-marsh, which has been adapted to local conditions and crossed with native rams, is distinguished by high precocity and fertility.
Officially, it is registered as the Kuibyshev breed of sheep. All sheep have polled heads. Short tail. Strong physique and elongated body.
The average weight of a ram is about 100 kg, sheep — 70 kg. However, with intensive fattening, you can get better results — 150 and 90 kg respectively. Lambs weigh about 30 kg at 4 months. Given the possibility of year-round grazing, sheep of the Kuibyshev breed are ready for slaughter from about one year of age.
North Caucasian
No less famous than the Romanovskaya, North Caucasian breed of sheep. She was bred using the Stavropol rams as the basis. To increase their meat characteristics, the sheep were crossed with Romney Marches and Lincolns. As a result, a meat breed adapted to the climatic conditions of the south of Russia and the north of the Caucasus was obtained. Excellent productive characteristics at the same time do not interfere with obtaining a semi-thin fleece.
The average ram gains 120 kg, the female is almost half as much — only 65 kg.
With weight control at 4 months, lambs show up to 33 kg. The exterior is typical for the beef breed: strong physique, powerful chest, voluminous hips.
Near abroad breeds
Meat breed sheep from near abroad are no less diverse. However, if in Central Asia fat-tailed rams have long been preferred, in the countries of Eastern Europe the emphasis was on meat and wool.
Latvian dark-headed
At the beginning of the 20th c. by crossing Oxfordshires, Shropshires and local, native sheep, Latvian dark-headed sheep were obtained. The name of meat-wool sheep reflects two characteristics at once: the place of breeding and the most striking feature of the exterior. White polled sheep are distinguished by the completely black color of the muzzle and ears. In addition, they have dark legs.
An adult ram weighs about 100 kg, a sheep — no more than 55 kg. Lambs are born small, up to 4 kg. Weight gain is about 300 g. Therefore, by the 10th month they can be slaughtered.
Live weight reaches 45 kg.
Edilbaevskaya
Beef sheep, which were bred in Kazakhstan in the 19th century, in a harsh climate, are distinguished by high productive characteristics and are excellent for grazing with poor fodder and sudden temperature changes.
The Edilbaev breed of sheep belongs to the meat-fat breed. Sheep on average reach 120 kg, females — 70 kg. At the same time, the largest representatives of the Edilbaev breed of sheep may well weigh 160 and 120 kg, respectively. For 4 months, lambs fatten up to 45 kg of live weight.
Gissar
Sheep and sheep of the Gissar breed are distinguished by endurance and excellent weight gain. At the same time, animals are classified as meat-fat. The yield of fat reaches 45 kg, with an adult ram weighing up to 140 kg, and females — up to 80 kg. Recorded champions, who weighed up to 190 and 120 kg, respectively.
Sheep and sheep of the Hissar breed are raised in the Central Asian region.
Thanks to a powerful physique and strong bones, the herds make real forced marches in search of pastures — up to 500 km. This does not affect the average daily weight gain. They reach up to 600 g. The Hissar breed is high-milk, females give about 130 kg of milk within 2 months. At the same time, lambs on suction gain up to 50 kg.
Foreign breeds
Abroad meat breeds of sheep often have several centuries of purposeful selection and systematic selection. For example, Texel. Others were officially registered only in the last century, but have already shown excellent results and are actively used as meat characteristics improvers for other varieties.
Dorper
The South African breed of sheep Dorper is exclusively meat, as the animals are hairless: their fleece is short, growing unevenly. At the same time, lamb has excellent characteristics: tender, non-greasy, without unpleasant aftertastes and a specific smell.
The stud ram reaches about 140 kg, the female is significantly smaller, her weight does not exceed 95 kg.
The average daily gain in lambs reaches 70 g, due to which by the age of 4 months the weight is 65 kg, while at birth it does not exceed 5.5 kg.
Dorpers are highly productive due to precocity and multiple fecundity. Puberty begins at 7 months, in the first lambing most often only one lamb appears, then their number increases to 2-3, while the ewe gives two offspring per year.
Vendée
Famous gourmets, the French, did not ignore the selection of sheep. One of the oldest in Europe, the Vendean breed is distinguished by lean mutton, with fine and even «marbled» veins and a delicate aroma.
Unpretentious, hardy animals, thanks to thick wool perfectly adapt to harsh climatic conditions, perfectly gain weight on pastures.
The fertility rate reaches 190%. Sheep are quite large up to 150 kg. The uterus is smaller — up to 110 kg. Lambs are born with a weight of up to 6 kg, and already at 4 months they weigh up to 60 kg, with an average daily weight gain of up to 450 g.
Zwartbles
Tender, lean meat with an unsurpassed sweetish flavor and pleasant aroma can be obtained from Zwartbles sheep. The Dutch meat breed managed to conquer the whole world thanks to its endurance and thick wool.
Breeding ewes have a high fertility — up to 235%. Depending on the number of lambs in a litter, at birth they weigh between 2.5 and 5.5 kg. Despite this, the average live weight indicators level off with age, and by the age of 4 months they weigh up to 45 kg. The average daily weight gain is from 400 g. The Zwartblais ram gains up to 130 kg, females do not exceed 100 kg.
Texel
Dutch Texel sheep have a long history: they have been bred since the 18th century. The main characteristics of lamb are “marbling” and delicate taste, without a specific smell and taste of fat.
Newborn lambs weigh up to 7 kg. Queens are characterized by multiple pregnancies and high milk production. The average fecundity of the herd is 140–230%.
By the age of 4 months, lambs gain up to 60 kg, and by 9 months — up to 102 kg. Adult male Texels weigh up to 130 kg. Females are a little behind, but not critical, they weigh up to 125 kg, depending on the conditions of fattening.
Meat breed Texel is characterized by unpretentiousness, endurance, good immunity and high adaptive abilities. They prefer open pastures.
Prekos
The French breed of sheep Prekos is bred all over the world. Strong animals with a barrel-shaped body and massive hips are characterized by rapid growth, unpretentiousness, fertility and high immunity.
Lambs are born quite large — up to 5 kg, within four months their weight increases to 35 kg. Prekos sheep are ready for slaughter at the age of one. Lamb yield — up to 55 kg. An adult ram reaches 130 kg. Females are half the size, their weight does not exceed 67 kg.
Sheep breeding is attractive primarily because of the possibility of grazing sheep. Low cost of feed, high yield of products allow you to get serious economic benefits with minimal investment associated with the cost of breeding stock.
What else to read
Mountain sheep: description, habitat and lifestyle of wild sheep
Katum sheep: description and productivity of short-haired sheep
Sheep shearing: timing, methods and techniques for proper shearing
How much does a ram weigh: average weight of sheep and ram breeds, percentage meat yield
Why in Russia they edit the genomes of cows and sheep . Academician L.K. Ernst is standing by a pregnant cow named Flower. This animal is obtained by cloning. She looks very big now. Almost twice as many as other cows. Why is that?
— It has been described that calves that are produced by cloning tend to be born much larger than calves produced by the conventional method.
That’s why our Cow Flower is so big. The syndrome of «big calves» is described in the scientific literature, but they still cannot fully explain this phenomenon. However, there are hypotheses. One of them is the asynchronous development of the embryo and uterus of the surrogate mother.
close
100%
– Does the clone plant at the maximum on the 8th day of development?
Yes. But it has been proven that the timing of gene switching in cloned embryos differs from those obtained naturally. As a rule, the pregnancy period of surrogate mothers is somewhat longer. The flower weighed 63 kg at birth. Calves are usually born weighing 30 to 50 kg. Flower’s mother had a hard time giving birth. Four of our employees had to make an effort.
— How old is she now?
— I turned two in April. In December, we expect the first offspring.
— Is it already known who will be — a bull or a heifer?
— We don’t know. Our task was to prove that the cloned animal is fertile, it is possible to get offspring from it.
— Do they do ultrasound for cows?
— They do. And we did it in the early stages to confirm pregnancy. But the sex of the calf in this case is not of fundamental importance, it will not lead to the adoption of any other decisions, so we will find out the sex at birth.
— And when you make a clone, it’s immediately clear who will be — a boy or a girl?
— Yes, when selecting a cell line for cloning, we determine the sex in advance based on DNA analysis. When we cloned, we clearly knew that Flower would be a girl, because the cells that were taken for cloning were female. And when we received our Kongur, a cloned lamb, a male cell line was taken, so we knew that a ram would be born.
— What are the prospects for commercialized pet cloning technology?
— It is clear that obtaining a cloned heifer itself is not a scientific discovery. Nikolai Strelchenko, an employee of our institute, who left for the USA in the 1990s, received a cloned calf more than 20 years ago.Also, our employees, who went to work in foreign laboratories, were the first in the world to clone a piglet and a primate. They mastered the basics of this technology at our institute.
At the moment we decided to reproduce the technology, build a chain of specialists who would work as a single team. This is necessary to create a technological platform for genome editing of farm animals.
By obtaining a cloned heifer, we have shown that the cell line, which has already been edited today, is capable of developing to offspring. This is an important achievement, because there are not many laboratories in the world that own the entire technological chain of cloning.
Why did you decide to call the cloned lamb Kongur?
— In honor of the highest peak of the Pamirs. The clone, who is now 3 months old, has a quarter of the blood of a wild argali sheep that lives in the Pamirs. Semen was taken from the argali caught by hunters and placed in a cryobank. With the use of this seed, a father of a cloned lamb was obtained — a hybrid ram named Pamir.
— In addition to clones, do you already have edited cells of cows and sheep?
Yes. As for sheep, we already have cell lines that are edited for the myostatin gene. The idea was to combine in one animal the good maternal qualities and high fertility of Romanov sheep (and our clone carries 3/4 of the blood of the Romanov breed of sheep) and the strong backbone of the father (1/4 of it consists of the blood of the Pamir argali population). With the help of editing, we turned off the gene that inhibits muscle building. We believe that in the offspring we will be able to combine multiple pregnancy, strong bones and high meat productivity.
In cows, the gene of beta-lactoglobulin, one of the whey proteins of milk, to which a person, especially children, can be allergic, was chosen as a target. The task of editing is to turn off this gene in order to obtain hypoallergenic milk.
We carry out work on genome editing together with Moscow State University.
M.V. Lomonosov as part of a project of the Russian Science Foundation.
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— Amendments to the law “On state regulation in the field of genetic engineering” are currently being considered. It proposes to distinguish between the concepts of GMOs and genome editing. Do you agree that they should be separated?
— The adoption of the law is important and necessary. If editing in relation to animals is allowed in compliance with all necessary legal norms in terms of admission to use, taking into account the development trends of such research in the world, we can expect an increase in business interest in such technologies. Today, business does not seek to invest money, since the prospects for the practical use of genomic editing technologies are unclear. Our task as a Federal Research Center is technological readiness to solve a wide range of problems, so we are developing these technologies, for now, for purely scientific purposes.
— That is, when the law is passed, we can see on the counter the meat of edited lamb — the grandchildren of the Pamirs?
— I believe that this is the area where editing will be applied last, only if the methods of traditional selection for some reason become ineffective.Editing is a new opportunity for managing the genome, and they will primarily be used not to solve the problems of “increasing productivity”, but in completely different areas, in particular, if there are risks for the continued existence of animal husbandry in its traditional form.
— For example?
— We cannot rule out some kind of viral infection in the future, for example, among cows. The task will be to make cattle immune to the new virus. This task can be most effectively solved with the help of genome editing. Our technological readiness in this case will play a decisive role in solving the task.
Or the task of using animals as bioreactors for the production of diagnostic proteins with milk will arise — this is the second direction.
Another area that is rapidly developing in the world is the creation of human organ donor pigs. Sooner or later, with the help of editing, pig organs will become suitable for human transplantation. The task of science is to create opportunities, and whether or not to transplant such organs should be the decision of the patient alone.
Only the patient himself can decide whether he wants to continue to live with a pig’s heart.
The fourth important vector of using bioengineering technologies is the production of medicinal proteins using genetically modified animals. Today, three such proteins are approved for clinical use in the world.
— Are you going to clone anyone else? Like a pig?
— It would be useful to work out the technology of cloning pigs. Given our experience, this would be even easier than with cattle. But, we at the Center do not have the necessary infrastructure for keeping pigs in compliance with all requirements regarding veterinary legislation, so we do not carry out these works.
— How many pigs does it take to create one clone?
— Optimally at least one hundred heads. We need donors, surrogate mothers who are transplanted with embryos. To obtain a cloned pig, it is necessary to transplant about 100 cloned embryos into one recipient. A pig is a prolific animal, it is genetically adapted to bear a large number of piglets.
Therefore, if, for example, 20 cloned embryos are transplanted, taking into account their reduced ability to develop, it is not necessary to expect offspring.
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— You recently opened an aquatic laboratory for working with sturgeons. What is it for?
— We set ourselves multidimensional scientific tasks in the field of aquaculture. This is a rapidly developing area, and not only commercial aquaculture is developing, but also breeding fish farming. The basis of breeding work with all kinds of animals, including fish, is the selection of the best mothers and the best fathers for the next generation of offspring. With cows, it’s not that hard. Even if you were not present at the birth of a calf, you can find out who his mother is because she feeds him. It is also possible to determine the father without DNA analysis, because a record is kept of the bulls used for insemination. But in aquaculture, the technological process does not allow to accurately determine the parents.
— Why?
— Because the eggs obtained from several females are mixed and incubated with the semen obtained from several males. As a result, we get a population of young animals. But we do not know exactly who is the mother and who is the father. The task is to develop panels based on DNA markers that will allow determining the origin of various fish species in aquaculture.
The second task is to introduce marker and genomic selection into aquaculture. In Russia, these studies are still at the initial stage. French researchers are engaged in this, Chinese scientists are quite active. We, too, should not lag behind in this area.
It is rather difficult to do this in the conditions of existing fish farms, since the farms are primarily focused on making a profit. In addition, while the task is to develop the technology, additional research data will be required. Since the problem is scientifically interesting and has practical significance, it is necessary for researchers to provide opportunities for solving it.
Hence, the idea arose to create an experimental plant for recirculating water supply, which is not related to making a profit, so that our employees could solve important problems in it in terms of developing the scientific foundations for creating a system of marker and genomic selection in aquaculture.
— In addition to breeding work, are there any other tasks in aquaculture?
— There are more tasks in the field of feeding. Due to the imposed sanctions, the import of a number of feeds, especially for juveniles, is difficult to the Russian Federation. The challenge is to develop your own recipes. Where to experience them? The standard test method is to feed the standard feed and the new one, compare how the young grow and develop: who is faster, who is slower; what is its safety. These tasks are also solved using experimental facilities.
— The Institute, as far as I know, is still breeding cows for cheese import substitution. Not all milk is suitable for this?
— It is known that cow’s milk can be more or less suitable for cheese production.
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9000 201 — 2021
Palikha Medical Center Moscow
Chiropractor