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Sorting Out the Intel Pentium CPU Processors That Are Right for You

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During our intel pentium cpu processor research, we found 521 intel pentium cpu processor products and shortlisted 18 quality products. We collected and analyzed 40,850 customer reviews through our big data system to write the intel pentium cpu processors list. We found that most customers choose intel pentium cpu processors with an average price of $230.97.

The intel pentium cpu processors are available for purchase. We have researched hundreds of brands and picked the top brands of intel pentium cpu processors, including Intel and more. The seller of top 1 product has received honest feedback from 17 consumers with an average rating of 3.6.

Written by

Mike Davis

Mike Davis is a professionally trained electrician with six years of working experience in the electronics industry. He has written an array of web and mobile-based articles for e-magazines and blogs. He loves trying out some novel and popular gadgets and his expertise is in the areas of electronics and computers which is built over many years of working and personal experiences.

nearest common ancestor / Habr

Perhaps I should have written this article a month earlier, because it was on November 1, 1995 that the latest Intel® processor for servers and workstations, the Pentium® Pro, saw the light of day, which eventually became a legend. Based on the name, you might think that this is just an advanced version of the good old Pentium, which at that time had just begun to enter the mainstream segment.

Progress in those days was at a rapid pace, and not as it is now — crawling like a wounded snail. The new «stone» had so many innovations that neither before nor after it can be compared with it. However, this is not what made him legendary. He became a legend due to the fact that, despite the fact that many people heard about him, not everyone had a chance to see the processor live.

The reason for this is simple: all this time the line has been developing in parallel with the classic Pentium®. Yes, later there were Pentium® II Xeon®, Pentium® III Xeon®, hereinafter simply Xeon®, but they were all based on the same microarchitecture as their contemporary desktop processors, not fundamentally different from them.

Perhaps only Itanium® was as “out of touch with the people”. Although top desktop computers (especially branded ones) based on these processors were released, they rarely got into the home environment, and not even because of the price. Most of them worked under Windows NT or OS / 2, which were not very popular among ordinary users.

Installing Windows 95 didn’t make much sense — Pentium® Pro was the first processor optimized for executing 32-bit code, and showed very modest results in 16-bit applications. However, there will be no tests in the text — there will be many letters and beautiful pictures.

A bit of mythology

Perhaps, in this place it is worth digressing and returning to the beginning of the 2000s, when the hero of the article was no longer young (now we can safely sit for 5-7 years without replacing the processor, and then the average period of relevance of the platform was 2-3 years). It was around this time that I first heard about the Pentium® Pro and was surprised. The cool description of the processor seemed strange to me, because at that time I did not know the whole sequence of the history of its creation.

It did not have MMX support, platforms for it only supported FPM DRAM (Fast Page Mode Random Access Memory) and EDO DRAM (Extended Data Out Random Access Memory). For me then it was just “sims”, I didn’t know about DIMMs with FPM and EDO chips then. Such platforms could not work with disk drives even in UDMA/33 mode. Although all this was in ordinary (the key word is “late”) Pentiums. I’m already silent about the lack of AGP.

As a result, the main myth associated with the hero of the day is that Intel allegedly “squeezed” MMX and provided its top processor with a frankly weak platform. If we consider the facts with the gaze of a historian of technology, then everything looks different.

Fact Pack

Before turning to history, let’s face the facts about our hero.

Official specifications:

• Frequency — 150 to 200 MHz. There were also engineering samples at 133 MHz and «overdrive» (it will be discussed separately) at 333 MHz.
• System bus frequency — 60 MHz (150 and 180 MHz models) or 66 MHz (all others).
• L1 cache — 16 KB.
• L2 cache — 256, 512, or 1024 KB running at core speed.
• Process technology — 0.6 (133 MHz), 0.5 (150 MHz) or 0.35 (166-200 MHz) for the core, 0.5 (256 KB) or 0.35 (512 KB) for the L2 cache.
• Connector — Socket 8 (387 SPGA pins, some of the pins are staggered), ceramic or plastic (for the 200 MHz model with 1024 KB cache) case.

But these are just dry numbers. Let’s go over some more interesting facts:

• At the moment (November 2020), this is the physically largest x86 processor. The dimensions of the case are as much as 63×68 mm. That’s more than the Intel® Xeon® Scalable and AMD EPYC/Ryzen™ Threadripper™.
• This is the first x86 processor with a full-speed L2 cache connected to the core by a separate bus (Pentium 60/66 formally had a full-speed cache, but it was located on the system bus outside the processor package).
• This is the first x86 processor with an integrated (in-chassis) L2 cache.
• This is the first x86 processor with a multi-chip layout: core and cache dies were located in one package, and 2 cache dies were used in the top version.
• Not really about the processor, but about the chipset for it: the first x86 system with multi-channel RAM (the 450KX/GX chipsets supported FPM memory with 2 or 4-way Interleave).
• First x86 processor with out-of-order execution.
• And finally, the most important thing: this is the first x86 Intel processor with a RISC core and translation of native x86 instructions into microcode (NexGen was a year ahead of Intel, introducing its Nx586 in 1994).

With the exception of the NetBurst microarchitecture (Pentium® 4/Pentium® D) and the descendants of Atom®, all other x86 Intel® processors are a direct (albeit very serious) development of the P6 core used in the Pentium® Pro. This fact, together with the last item on the list, allows us to call it the “common ancestor” of most modern Intel® CPUs.

There were major innovations after: multi-core, transition to 64-bit architecture. But the key points that gave the x86 architecture access to the «heavy equipment» segment — servers and workstations, were precisely the transition to an internal RISC core and the introduction of Out-of-order execution.

Main course — history

One of the purposes of history is to dispel myths. This is what we will do. So, it’s autumn 1995 in the yard. The 486 processor is not outdated yet — the latest new processors from Intel® (486DX4-100) and chipsets came out a year and a half ago, AMD updated its 5×86 (not to be confused with K5, which was already an analogue of Penitum®!) quite recently. Many still use 386 and earlier machines. Pentium® seems to be the pinnacle of progress — superscalar architecture, 64-bit external bus. Only in June a 133 MHz model, a real Hi End, was released. No more MMX, processors with it will be released only in 1997 year.

The top chipset at that time — 430NX (Neptune, 4-5 chips) — supports up to 512 MB of FPM memory with parity, but without the ECC error correction mechanism, allows you to combine up to two processors on one board, supports PCI and EISA buses ( optional). And at the same time, it still does not have its own IDE controller (probably not so scary — all the same, serious machines were made with SCSI).

It was only in January 1995 that a mid-level Pentium® chipset appeared — 430FX (Triton I, 2 chips, up to 128 MB FPM / EDO memory, of which only 64 are cacheable, IDE maximum PIO4 with speeds up to 16.6 MB / sec). And yet, the prices for Pentium machines are still very high.

Features and prices

And on November 1, Intel is the light of our hero. Frequencies — up to amazing 200 MHz (150, 180 and 200 MHz versions with 256 KBytes of cache were presented), the cache moved from the motherboard to the processor case (but still on a separate chip). Only the Digital (DEC) Alpha 21164 was faster, reaching an incredible 333 MHz in October of that year, but it was also much more expensive.

This was already a real RISC for high-end workstations. But the Pentium Pro prices were by no means for the economy class — from $ 974 to $1325 in quantities of 1000 or more. Later models with large amounts of cache were even more expensive — up to $ 2675 for a model with 1 MB of cache.

The accompanying chipsets were no less interesting — 450KX (Mars) and 450GX (Orion). Mars supported 2 processors and up to 1 GB of dual-channel FPM memory with ESS and was designed for workstations. Orion aimed at the server market and already supported 4 processors (officially) and up to 8 GB of RAM in four channels.

Both chipsets could work with memory in multi-channel mode, while imposing certain restrictions on memory selection — dual-channel mode required 4 SIMMs or 2 DIMM modules, quad-channel mode required 8 SIMMs or 4 DIMMs.

Please note that DIMM does not mean SDRAM, there were also original “sim” FPMs in this format. As you can see, the characteristics are more than up to the mark — of the newfangled chips, there was only EDO support, and then — in fact, EDO memory works on at least a part of the boards, of course, with the performance of a regular FPM. Thus, the myth about the backwardness of the platform in terms of memory support and external buses, in my opinion, has been dispelled.

Chipsets: monster corporation

The chipsets themselves were monstrous — the standard kit included not the usual two chips, but as many as … eight. Let’s count? PCI bus bridge — one, memory controller of two chips (DRAM Control and Data Path) — two and three, four physical memory interface chips (already 7) and the classic PIIX south bridge — eight! Such a kit, for example, was placed on the first board announced by Intel for new processors, the Intel® Performance/AU «Aurora».

This was one of the first (second, by my count, after Intel® Advanced/ATX «Thor» on the i430FX) boards in the new ATX form factor. All this “goodness” barely fit on a full-size board, leaving room for only four memory slots. And this is the standard set. Each memory controller in the 450GX set supported up to 4 GB of memory, to support the full amount it was necessary to add one more controller and physical interfaces for it — plus six more chips. Total — fourteen!

Some companies soon introduced servers with six or even eight processors — ALR Revolution 6×6 (it was also sold under the Unisys and Gateway 2000 brands), Axil Northbridge, NCR OctaScale. NCR and Corollary introduced their chipsets (probably extensions for Intel® chipsets — so far I have not been able to find information about them) to implement eight-processor machines.

Moreover, Corollary introduced the famous Profusion, which many sources confuse with Intel 450NX — these are different products. The 450NX supported up to four Pentium® II/III Xeon® processors, Profusion supported up to eight. By the time the Xeon® Corollary was released, it was already owned by Intel, but that’s another story.

Updates

In 1996, an update arrived — models with 512 KBytes of cache and a new chipset appeared — Intel 440FX, replacing the previous 450KX. There were only two fundamental innovations in it: support for EDO/BEDO memory and USB bus (not implemented in all boards), while the memory controller lost its multichannel mode of operation. But something else was more important — the reduced cost of boards based on the new set, because it was located «only» in three chips:

• Data Bus Accelerator,
• PCI and Memory Controller,
• Southbridge PIIX3.

«Large» servers weren’t supposed to upgrade (and didn’t really need to!) — the new Xeon® also got the 450 chipset in the slightly updated version of NX.

Note that the new 440FX is functionally close to the high-end Pentium® 430HX. While the simpler 430VX received support for SDRAM, this did not improve its performance. In April of the same year, VIA Technologies announced its plans to release the Apollo chipset (690) with SDRAM support, but only one board model is known that was released on it, which did not see large-scale production. I haven’t even been able to find a photo of her yet.

Other chipset manufacturers, numerous at the time, also announced support for the Pentium® Pro, but all these chipsets were released after the announcement of the Pentium® II, and all boards on them were already manufactured with the Slot1 connector. The reason is simple: the Pentium® Pro remained in the upper market segment and the more budgetary chipsets for it were not of interest to the target audience.

Pentium® II Coming

And so, the eventful year 1997 struck. In January, the new Pentium® MMX for multimedia PCs and the new 430TX chipset (with more adequate SDRAM support than the VX, but still unable to cache more than 64 MB of memory, which clearly indicated its niche) appeared. Also, the processors lost support for SMP (some sources claim that it was still available in processors with a frequency of up to 166 MHz).

A few months later, in May, the new Pentium® II (Klamath core) was released — with MMX support and slightly higher frequencies. Importantly, it demonstrated much higher performance when executing the usual 16-bit code. At the same time, to reduce the cost, he received a new layout, a SECC cartridge, inside of which there was a printed circuit board with a soldered processor core and cache memory chips.

The cache size was kept at 512 KB, like the latest Pentium® Pro at that time, but the speed was cut to half the core frequency. The cacheable amount of RAM was 512 MB in the first Pentium® II versus 4 GB in the Pentium® Pro and later Pentium® II on the Deschutes core.

Support for multiprocessor configurations is also limited in the new processor — the maximum number of processors in the system was two. He also inherited only one chipset from the Pentium® Pro — 440FX. On the one hand, it seemed that Pentium® Pro’s song had been sung, on the other hand, there was some kind of understatement in its history.

In August 1997, Intel releases two related products that are not meant to be used together. The first was the 440LX chipset, which brought full support for SDRAM (EDO support remained, but the maximum memory size was halved to 512 MB!), fast UDMA/33 drives, and a new bus for video cards — AGP.

Theoretically, it could work with our hero (the bus was updated slightly — 66 MHz GTL+ instead of 60/66 MHz GTL), but there were practically no boards with a Socket 8 connector released, software support for Pentium Pro with a Slot1-Socket8 adapter was not implemented by board manufacturers . This was done much later by retrosystem enthusiasts.

Meet the Pentium® Pro

The second product of August was… the new Pentium® Pro! The same coveted by many option at 200 MHz with 1 MB of L2 cache. He received a new plastic case containing as many as three chips, two of which were crystals with 512 KB of cache memory. It also became the hottest x86 processor at that time — as much as 47 W TDP! At the same time, he did not receive MMX support.

With this maneuver, Intel split the processors into niches — the universal version of the Pentium® II, the budget Pentium® MMX (after which it was replaced by Intel® Celeron) and the server Pentium® Pro (there was almost no talk of workstations — in many cases Pentium® II became preferable , only when 512 MB of RAM was not enough, he could not replace his predecessor).

Thus, our hero remained the «king» of the x86 world for almost a year — until April 1998, when his real successor Pentium® II Xeon® appeared — with a full-speed cache (from 512 KB to 2 MB), a faster 100 MHz bus and, of course, new chipsets. But the end of the Pentium® Pro story has not yet been played.

^{Front of Intel® Pentium® II OverDrive™ Processor}

^{Back of Intel® Pentium® II OverDrive™ Processor}
On June 12, 1997, the ASCI Red supercomputer was launched, based on a set of servers with Pentium Pro processors, united in a cluster. After a while, on August 10, 1998, the last Socket 8 processor appeared, designed specifically to update this system. It was given the name Pentium® II OverDrive™ and was the last «OverDrive» released by Intel.

The processor was released in a limited series, part of which went on sale to the general public. It was based on the Deschutes core, running at 333 MHz, accompanied by 512 KB of full-speed cache from the Pentium® II Xeon®. It was a specialized compromise solution with a very original layout — a small board housed the core, cache and VRM module, which lowered the power supply from the standard Pentium Pro 3. 1-3.3 V to the 2.0 V required by Deschutes.

A plastic mating connector with 387 legs was placed at the bottom of the board. From the Pentium® II, he inherited support for MMX instructions and a limitation on the maximum number of processors in one system, but this was enough for the customer — ASCI Red consisted of two processor modules. This is where the history of the Pentium Pro as a platform ends.

In the hands of a collector

It’s hard for me to say when the hero of this article moved from the category of obsolete technology to the area of ​​​​interest for collectors of retro technology. I started my collection back in 2008. Perhaps some of you know the name «Digital Vintage». Initially, I dealt exclusively with mobile equipment, and thanks to the cooperation with Selectel, it became possible to place full-size exhibits.

Even then it was not easy to find these cars, although they were often given away at symbolic prices. I started my search three years ago, by that time it was already believed that “every self-respecting collector” should have at least a processor in his collection.

Getting processors was no problem, but I didn’t have much luck with the platform for a long time — I missed some interesting announcements for the sale of complete machines and motherboards. The aura of the legend, the relatively small number of released components, and the beauty of the ceramic processor with a golden cover played a cruel joke — many people ripped out only the processor from old machines, and the rest was sent for recycling.

It wasn’t until this summer that I got my hands on the Venus, the Intel® Performance/VS «Venus» board, and a little later, the early Aurora, the Intel® Performance/AU «Aurora» mentioned earlier. Based on them, two machines were assembled (for joy, I came up with my own self-assembly brand “SERVERGHOST” in honor of my first home server). Both computers are assembled from authentic components of those years and are equipped with appropriate software — they «pretend» to be a developer’s workplace under Windows NT and OS / 2 Warp, respectively. We also managed to borrow a rare Pentium® II OverDrive™ from a colleague for the photo session.

Characteristics of two retro machines:

«Early» machine — SERVERGHOST Constellation P6/SE Big Tower:

• Intel® Pentium® Pro 180 MHz with 256 KB L2 cache.
• Intel® Performance/AU «Aurora» based on the Intel 450KX chipset.
• 128 MB RAM (4×32 MB SIMM).
• Adaptec AHA-2940U SCSI controller.
• 2.1 GB Quantum SCSI hard drive.
• Video card 4 MB Matrox Millennium.
• Yamaha sound card.
• Intel Pro/100 PCI Network Card.
• 8x CD-ROM LG with slot loading.
• Installed OS/2 Warp 3.0 (Connect), Sybil 2.0 development environment and everyday software suite.

Late machine — SERVERGHOST Constellation P6/SE Desktop:

• Intel® Pentium® Pro 200 MHz with 256 KB L2 cache.
• Intel® Performance/VS «Venus» based on the Intel 440FX chipset (also known as the Intel VS440FX).
• 128 MB RAM (4×32 MB SIMM).
• BusLogic Flashpoint LT SCSI controller.
• 4.3 GB Seagate SCSI hard drive (7200 rpm).
• Video card 4 MB Matrox Millennium.
• Sound card Creative Sound Blaster 16 PnP ISA
• Intel® Pro/100 PCI Network Card.
• 12x CD-ROM Vuego.
• Installed Windows NT 4.0 Workstation, Delphi 3 development environment and everyday software suite.

The plans include assembling a two-processor machine (the board is being searched) and purchasing a four-processor server or, if you’re lucky, an ALR 6×6.

Naturally, there has been no talk of any daily use of these machines for a long time — you can go online, but only a few sites are available for viewing, especially if you use authentic software. The main problem is the abundance of JavaScript and modern encryption algorithms that Netscape 1996 does not support.

The office software of those years is quite functional, but, of course, it does not have any cloud functions, 3D graphics are in their infancy, video viewing is available, but with great limitations — these machines do not pull out the same DivX or MPEG-2. But you can listen to music, even in parallel with other tasks. In the server version, it is quite possible to implement a web server, but it will be effective, perhaps, only when hosting a website in a retro style and with a minimum of dynamic pages.

Instead of a conclusion

Unfortunately, the status of a legend does not prolong the active life of its owner and does not help to keep this legend in its complete form. Retrocomputing (and especially retrogaming) is now in vogue, raising the price of old hardware to obscene. But if “gaming” hardware is relatively common and not so difficult to find (although prices are sometimes completely inadequate), then “heavy” equipment is an order of magnitude more difficult to find.

In the 90s, not many companies could afford serious workstations and servers, and after the service life, much was not dragged home (because it was often useless at home), but disposed of. And yet, the “heavy retro” business lives on and, I hope, will live on!

Intel® Pentium® Pro — 25 Years Old: Nearest Common Ancestor

On November 1, 1995, the latest Intel® processor for servers and workstations, the Pentium® Pro, was released and became a legend over time.

Based on the name, you might think that this is just an advanced version of the good old Pentium, which at that time had just begun to enter the mainstream segment.

Progress in those days was at a rapid pace, and not as it is now — crawling like a wounded snail. The new «stone» had so many innovations that neither before nor after it can be compared with it. However, this is not what made him legendary. He became a legend due to the fact that, despite the fact that many people heard about him, not everyone had a chance to see the processor live.

The reason for this is simple: all this time the line has been developing in parallel with the classic Pentium®. Yes, later there were Pentium® II Xeon®, Pentium® III Xeon®, hereinafter simply Xeon®, but they were all based on the same microarchitecture as their contemporary desktop processors, not fundamentally different from them.

Perhaps only Itanium® was as “out of touch with the people”. Although top desktop computers (especially branded ones) based on these processors were released, they rarely got into the home environment, and not even because of the price. Most of them worked under Windows NT or OS / 2, which were not very popular among ordinary users.

Installing Windows 95 didn’t make much sense — Pentium® Pro was the first processor optimized for executing 32-bit code, and showed very modest results in 16-bit applications. However, there will be no tests in the text — there will be many letters and beautiful pictures.

A bit of mythology

Perhaps, in this place it is worth digressing and returning to the beginning of the 2000s, when the hero of the article was no longer young (now we can sit quietly for 5-7 years without replacing the processor, and then the average platform relevance period was 2-3 of the year). It was around this time that I first heard about the Pentium® Pro and was surprised. The cool description of the processor seemed strange to me, because at that time I did not know the whole sequence of the history of its creation.

It did not have MMX support, platforms for it only supported FPM DRAM (Fast Page Mode Random Access Memory) and EDO DRAM (Extended Data Out Random Access Memory). For me then it was just “sims”, I didn’t know about DIMMs with FPM and EDO chips then. Such platforms could not work with disk drives even in UDMA/33 mode. Although all this was in ordinary (the key word is “late”) Pentiums. I’m already silent about the lack of AGP.

As a result, the main myth associated with the hero of the day is that Intel allegedly “squeezed” MMX and provided its top processor with a frankly weak platform. If we consider the facts with the gaze of a historian of technology, then everything looks different.

Pack of facts

Before turning to history, let’s face facts about our hero.

Official specifications:

• Frequency — 150 to 200 MHz. There were also engineering samples at 133 MHz and «overdrive» (it will be discussed separately) at 333 MHz.
• System bus frequency — 60 MHz (150 and 180 MHz models) or 66 MHz (all others).
• L1 cache — 16 KB.
• L2 cache — 256, 512, or 1024 KB running at core speed.
• Process technology — 0.6 (133 MHz), 0.5 (150 MHz) or 0.35 (166-200 MHz) microns for the core, 0.5 (256 KB) or 0.35 (512 KB) for the L2 cache.
• Connector — Socket 8 (387 SPGA pins, some of the pins are staggered), ceramic or plastic (for the 200 MHz model with 1024 KB cache) package.

But these are just dry numbers. Let’s go over some more interesting facts:

• At the moment (November 2020), this is the physically largest x86 processor. The dimensions of the case are as much as 63×68 mm. That’s more than the Intel® Xeon® Scalable and AMD EPYC/Ryzen™ Threadripper™.
• This is the first x86 processor with a full-speed L2 cache connected to the core by a separate bus (Pentium 60/66 formally had a full-speed cache, but it was located on the system bus outside the processor package).
• This is the first x86 processor with an integrated (in-chassis) L2 cache.
• This is the first x86 processor with a multi-chip layout: the core and cache dies were located in one package, and the top version used 2 cache dies.
• Not really about the processor, but about the chipset for it: the first x86 system with multichannel RAM (450KX/GX chipsets supported FPM memory with 2 or 4-way Interleave).
• First x86 processor with out-of-order execution.
• Finally, and most importantly, this is Intel’s first x86 processor with a RISC core and translation of native x86 instructions into microcode (NexGen was a year ahead of Intel with its Nx586 in 1994).

With the exception of the NetBurst microarchitecture (Pentium® 4/Pentium® D) and Atom® descendants, all other x86 Intel® processors are a direct (albeit very serious) development of the P6 core used in the Pentium® Pro. This fact, together with the last item on the list, allows us to call it the “common ancestor” of most modern Intel® CPUs.

There were major innovations after: multi-core, transition to 64-bit architecture. But the key points that gave the x86 architecture access to the «heavy equipment» segment — servers and workstations, were precisely the transition to an internal RISC core and the introduction of Out-of-order execution.

Main course — history

One of the tasks of history is to dispel myths. This is what we will do. So, it’s autumn 1995 in the yard. The 486 processor is not outdated yet — the latest new processors from Intel® (486DX4-100) and chipsets came out a year and a half ago, AMD updated its 5×86 (not to be confused with K5, which was already an analogue of Penitum®!) quite recently. Many still use 386 and earlier machines. Pentium® seems to be the pinnacle of progress — superscalar architecture, 64-bit external bus. Only in June a 133 MHz model, a real Hi End, was released. No more MMX, processors with it will be released only in 1997 year.

The top chipset at that time — 430NX (Neptune, 4-5 chips) — supports up to 512 MB of FPM memory with parity, but without the ECC error correction mechanism, allows you to combine up to two processors on one board, supports PCI and EISA buses ( optional). And at the same time, it still does not have its own IDE controller (probably not so scary — all the same, serious machines were made with SCSI).

It was only in January 1995 that a mid-level Pentium® chipset appeared — 430FX (Triton I, 2 chips, up to 128 MB FPM / EDO memory, of which only 64 are cacheable, IDE maximum PIO4 with speeds up to 16.6 MB / sec). And yet, the prices for Pentium machines are still very high.

Characteristics and prices

And now on November 1, Intel reveals the light of our hero. Frequencies — up to amazing 200 MHz (150, 180 and 200 MHz versions with 256 KBytes of cache were presented), the cache moved from the motherboard to the processor case (but still on a separate chip). Only the Digital (DEC) Alpha 21164 was faster, reaching an incredible 333 MHz in October of that year, but it was also much more expensive.

This was already a real RISC for high-end workstations. But the Pentium Pro prices were by no means for the economy class — from $ 974 to $1325 in quantities of 1000 or more. Later models with large amounts of cache were even more expensive — up to $ 2675 for a model with 1 MB of cache.

The accompanying chipsets were no less interesting — 450KX (Mars) and 450GX (Orion). Mars supported 2 processors and up to 1 GB of dual-channel FPM memory with ESS and was designed for workstations. Orion aimed at the server market and already supported 4 processors (officially) and up to 8 GB of RAM in four channels.

Both chipsets could work with memory in multi-channel mode, while imposing certain restrictions on memory selection — dual-channel mode required 4 SIMMs or 2 DIMM modules, quad-channel mode required 8 SIMMs or 4 DIMMs.

Please note that DIMM does not mean SDRAM, there were also original «sim» FPMs in this format. As you can see, the characteristics are more than up to the mark — of the newfangled chips, there was only EDO support, and then — in fact, EDO memory works on at least a part of the boards, of course, with the performance of a regular FPM. Thus, the myth about the backwardness of the platform in terms of memory support and external buses, in my opinion, has been dispelled.

Chipsets: monster corporation

The chipsets themselves were monstrous — the standard package included not the usual two chips, but as many as … eight. Let’s count? PCI bus bridge — one, memory controller of two chips (DRAM Control and Data Path) — two and three, four physical memory interface chips (already 7) and the classic PIIX south bridge — eight! Such a kit, for example, was placed on the first board announced by Intel for new processors, the Intel® Performance/AU «Aurora».

This was one of the first (second, by my count, after Intel® Advanced/ATX «Thor» on the i430FX) boards in the new ATX form factor. All this “goodness” barely fit on a full-size board, leaving room for only four memory slots. And this is the standard set. Each memory controller in the 450GX set supported up to 4 GB of memory, to support the full amount it was necessary to add one more controller and physical interfaces for it — plus six more chips. Total — fourteen!

Some companies soon introduced a server with six or even eight processors — ALR Revolutoin 6 × 6 (it was also sold under the Unisys and Gateway 2000 brands), Axil Northbridge, NCR OctaScale. NCR and Corollary introduced their chipsets (probably extensions for Intel® chipsets — so far I have not been able to find information about them) to implement eight-processor machines.

Moreover, Corollary introduced the famous Profusion, which many sources confuse with Intel 450NX — these are different products. The 450NX supported up to four Pentium® II/III Xeon® processors, Profusion supported up to eight. By the time the Xeon® Corollary was released, it was already owned by Intel, but that’s another story.

Updates

In 1996, an update arrived — models with 512 KBytes of cache appeared and a new chipset — Intel 440FX, replacing the previous 450KX. There were only two fundamental innovations in it: support for EDO/BEDO memory and USB bus (not implemented in all boards), while the memory controller lost its multichannel mode of operation. But something else was more important — the reduced cost of boards based on the new set, because it was located «only» in three chips:

• Data Bus Accelerator,
• PCI and Memory Controller,
• PIIX3 Southbridge.

«Large» servers weren’t supposed to be upgraded (and didn’t really need to!) — the 450 chipset in the slightly updated NX variant also went to the new Xeon®.

Note that the new 440FX is functionally close to the high-end Pentium® 430HX. While the simpler 430VX received support for SDRAM, this did not improve its performance. In April of the same year, VIA Technologies announced its plans to release the Apollo chipset (690) with SDRAM support, but only one board model is known that was released on it, which did not see large-scale production. I haven’t even been able to find a photo of her yet.

Other chipset manufacturers, numerous at the time, also announced support for the Pentium® Pro, but all these chipsets were released after the announcement of the Pentium® II, and all boards on them were already manufactured with the Slot1 connector. The reason is simple: the Pentium® Pro remained in the upper market segment and the more budgetary chipsets for it were not of interest to the target audience.

The advent of the Pentium® II

And so, the eventful year 1997 struck. In January, the new Pentium® MMX for multimedia PCs and the new 430TX chipset (with more adequate SDRAM support than the VX, but still unable to cache more than 64 MB of memory, which clearly indicated its niche) appeared. Also, the processors lost support for SMP (some sources claim that it was still available in processors with a frequency of up to 166 MHz).

A few months later, in May, the new Pentium® II (Klamath core) was released — with MMX support and slightly higher frequencies. Importantly, it demonstrated much higher performance when executing the usual 16-bit code. At the same time, to reduce the cost, he received a new layout, a SECC cartridge, inside of which there was a printed circuit board with a soldered processor core and cache memory chips.

The cache size was kept at 512 KB, like the latest Pentium® Pro at that time, but the speed was cut to half the core frequency. The cacheable amount of RAM was 512 MB in the first Pentium® II versus 4 GB in the Pentium® Pro and later Pentium® II on the Deschutes core.

Support for multiprocessor configurations is also limited in the new processor — the maximum number of processors in the system was two. He also inherited only one chipset from the Pentium® Pro — 440FX. On the one hand, it seemed that Pentium® Pro’s song had been sung, on the other hand, there was some kind of understatement in its history.

In August 1997, Intel releases two related products that are not meant to be used together. The first was the 440LX chipset, which brought full support for SDRAM (EDO support remained, but the maximum memory size was halved to 512 MB!), fast UDMA/33 drives, and a new bus for video cards — AGP.

Theoretically, it could work with our hero (the bus was updated slightly — 66 MHz GTL+ instead of 60/66 MHz GTL), but there were practically no boards with a Socket 8 connector released, software support for Pentium Pro with a Slot1-Socket8 adapter was not implemented by board manufacturers . This was done much later by retrosystem enthusiasts.

Meet the Pentium® Pro

The second product of August was… the new Pentium® Pro! The same coveted by many option at 200 MHz with 1 MB of L2 cache. He received a new plastic case containing as many as three chips, two of which were crystals with 512 KB of cache memory. It also became the hottest x86 processor at that time — as much as 47 W TDP! At the same time, he did not receive MMX support.

With this maneuver, Intel split the processors into niches — the universal version of the Pentium® II, the budget Pentium® MMX (after which it was replaced by Intel® Celeron) and the server Pentium® Pro (there was almost no talk of workstations — in many cases Pentium® II became preferable , only when 512 MB of RAM was not enough, he could not replace his predecessor).

Thus, our hero remained the «king» of the x86 world for almost a year — until April 1998, when his real successor Pentium® II Xeon® appeared — with a full-speed cache (from 512 KB to 2 MB), a faster 100 MHz bus and, of course, new chipsets. But the end of the Pentium® Pro story has not yet been played.

Front side of the Intel® Pentium® II OverDrive™ processor Back side of the Intel® Pentium® II OverDrive™ processor

On June 12, 1997, the ASCI Red supercomputer was launched, based on many servers with Pentium Pro processors, united in a cluster . After a while, 10 August 1998, the latest Socket 8 processor was born, designed specifically to upgrade this system. It was given the name Pentium® II OverDrive™ and was the last «OverDrive» released by Intel.

The processor was released in a limited series, part of which went on sale to the general public. It was based on the Deschutes core, running at 333 MHz, accompanied by 512 KB of full-speed cache from the Pentium® II Xeon®. It was a specialized compromise solution with a very original layout — a small board housed the core, cache and VRM module, which lowered the power supply from the standard Pentium Pro 3.1-3.3 V to the 2.0 V required by Deschutes.

A plastic mating connector with 387 legs was placed at the bottom of the board. From the Pentium® II, he inherited support for MMX instructions and a limitation on the maximum number of processors in one system, but this was enough for the customer — ASCI Red consisted of two processor modules. This is where the history of the Pentium Pro as a platform ends.

In the hands of a collector

It’s hard for me to say when the hero of this article moved from the category of obsolete equipment to the area of ​​interest for collectors of retro equipment. I started my collection back in 2008. Perhaps some of you know the name «Digital Vintage». Initially, I dealt exclusively with mobile equipment, and thanks to the cooperation with Selectel, it became possible to place full-size exhibits.

Even then it was not easy to find these cars, although they were often given away at symbolic prices. I started my search three years ago, by that time it was already believed that “every self-respecting collector” should have at least a processor in his collection.

Getting processors was no problem, but I didn’t have much luck with the platform for a long time — I missed some interesting announcements for the sale of complete machines and motherboards. The aura of the legend, the relatively small number of released components, and the beauty of the ceramic processor with a golden cover played a cruel joke — many people ripped out only the processor from old machines, and the rest was sent for recycling.

It was only this summer that I got the Venus — the Intel® Performance/VS «Venus» board, and a little later the early Aurora — the Intel® Performance/AU «Aurora» mentioned earlier. Based on them, two machines were assembled (for joy, I came up with my own self-assembly brand “SERVERGHOST” in honor of my first home server). Both computers are assembled from authentic components of those years and are equipped with appropriate software — they «pretend» to be a developer’s workplace under Windows NT and OS / 2 Warp, respectively. We also managed to borrow a rare Pentium® II OverDrive™ from a colleague for the photo session.

Characteristics of two retro machines:

«Early» machine — SERVERGHOST Constellation P6/SE Big Tower:

• Intel® Pentium® Pro 180 MHz with 256 KB L2 cache.
• Intel® Performance/AU «Aurora» based on the Intel 450KX chipset.
• 128 MB RAM (4×32 MB SIMM).
• Adaptec AHA-2940U SCSI controller.
• 2.1 GB Quantum SCSI hard drive.
• Video card 4 MB Matrox Millennium.
• Yamaha sound card.
• Intel Pro/100 PCI NIC.
• 8x LG CD-ROM with slot loading.
• Installed OS/2 Warp 3.0 (Connect), Sybil 2.0 development environment and everyday software suite.

Late machine — SERVERGHOST Constellation P6/SE Desktop:

• Intel® Pentium® Pro 200 MHz with 256 KB L2 cache.
• Intel® Performance/VS «Venus» based on the Intel 440FX chipset (also known as the Intel VS440FX).
• 128 MB RAM (4×32 MB SIMM).
• BusLogic Flashpoint LT SCSI controller.
• 4.3 GB Seagate SCSI hard drive (7200 rpm).
• Video card 4 MB Matrox Millennium.
• Creative Sound Blaster 16 PnP ISA sound card.
• Intel® Pro/100 PCI Network Card.
• 12x CD-ROM Vuego.
• Installed Windows NT 4.0 Workstation, Delphi 3 development environment and everyday software suite.

Plans are to assemble a two-processor machine (the board is being searched) and purchase a four-processor server or, if you’re lucky, an ALR 6×6.

Naturally, there has been no talk of any daily use of these machines for a long time — you can go online, but only a few sites are available for viewing, especially if you use authentic software. The main problem is the abundance of JavaScript and modern encryption algorithms that Netscape 1996 does not support.

The office software of those years is quite functional, but, of course, does not have any cloud functions, 3D graphics are in their infancy, video viewing is available, but with great limitations — these machines do not pull out the same DivX or MPEG-2. But you can listen to music, even in parallel with other tasks. In the server version, it is quite possible to implement a web server, but it will be effective, perhaps, only when hosting a website in a retro style and with a minimum of dynamic pages.

Instead of a conclusion

Unfortunately, the status of a legend does not prolong the active life of its owner and does not help to keep this legend in its complete form. Retrocomputing (and especially retrogaming) is now in vogue, raising the price of old hardware to obscene. But if “gaming” hardware is relatively common and not so difficult to find (although prices are sometimes completely inadequate), then “heavy” equipment is an order of magnitude more difficult to find.

In the 90s, not many companies could afford serious workstations and servers, and after the service life, much was not dragged home (because it was often useless at home), but disposed of. And yet, the “heavy retro” business lives on and, I hope, will live on!

Intel Pentium M Processor: A New Member of the

Communications Processor Family

04/16/2003 MTK

The optimal combination of high performance, powerful power management and low power consumption — these are the hallmarks of the Intel Pentium M processor for communications equipment with an ultra-dense modular layout. Processor architecture optimization for communications provides faster data processing and routing when used as part of ultra-dense modular network equipment. The trend towards further merging of communication and computing means dictates the need to saturate processors based on Intel architecture with functions that can expand the capabilities of network equipment, on the one hand, and PCs and servers, on the other.

The announced release of the new processor is in line with the general line of Intel Corporation for the expanded use of modular components in network equipment. Saturation of the market with high-performance, publicly available hardware and software components, including a wide range of semiconductor devices manufactured by Intel Corporation, along with a rich selection of software development tools and the ability to reuse program code to create new applications, further reduces the cost of designing new equipment, reducing the time to market. , the emergence of more and more new services.

«Our efforts are focused on helping equipment and communication service providers develop modular solutions across the entire spectrum of networking products while reducing their cost and operating costs,» said Howard Bubb, corporate vice president and general manager of its Intel division. Network Processing Group. “A key area for expanding the range of unified structural components of communication systems is service, control and network processors, in terms of output and variety of which the corporation occupies an industry-leading position.”

Scope of application

The new processor is designed to control the operation of network processors, line cards and other components of equipment such as switching and control equipment of radio networks and gateways of various data transmission media. At the same time, it can also work as a service processor as part of security tools such as firewalls, virtual private networks (VPNs), and intrusion detection systems. In addition, the processor can be used as part of mid-range telecom servers based on the plate layout principle, which require high-performance components with low power consumption due to size, power consumption and heat dissipation restrictions.

Nokia Networks plans to use the new processors in a broad range of its communications infrastructure products. «Intel Pentium M processor thermal optimization enables the design of high-density mobile infrastructure solutions with maximum performance per footprint,» said Ari Virtanen, vice president and head of its Network Platforms division. .

A wide range of hardware and operating system developers using the Intel Pentium M processor have already formed around Intel. These include, for example, Advantech , American Megatrends , Axiom , Diversified Technology , Force Computers , Radisys , Momentum Computer and QNX .

Processor performance

The Intel Pentium M processor has a number of features that, combined with a low heat dissipation range (about 12-25 watts), provide a high level of performance when processing data in ultra-dense packaging equipment. The high efficiency and speed of processing data in the application of the processor in firewalls, servers serving the transmission medium, and in signaling devices is due to the increase in performance indicators and power consumption optimization due to the power-managed 1-MB L2 cache, along with improved command prediction algorithm. With Enhanced Intel SpeedStep Technology, the processor can run in a power-down mode, automatically reducing power consumption when applications are less demanding on computing resources. This is especially important for equipment such as servers serving the transmission medium, for example, at telephone exchanges, where the load is usually reduced at night. In addition, the Intel Pentium M processor has a design that is ideal for CompactPCI boards and Advanced Telecom Computing Architecture (AdvancedTCA).

Pricing and Availability

The Intel Pentium M processor is available in two versions for longer life cycles: the 1.60 GHz version is priced at $625 and the 1. 10 GHz low power version is available priced at $257. The prices of processors of both versions already on sale are indicated for shipments in batches of 10,000 units.

News

Intel Pentium II Processor — The Next Level of Computing

Intel Pentium II Processor — The Next Level of Computing

•7.5.97 (Intel) — Intel introduced the Pentium II processor. It combines the latest and proven technologies to bring a new level of performance and visual computing capabilities to business desktop and workstation users.

The Pentium II processor—available at 300, 266, and 233 MHz—combines the advanced technologies of the Pentium Pro processors with the expanding capabilities of MMX technology. This combination gives enterprise customers the computing power they need to run their enterprise computing, empowers small businesses, and delivers the fastest Intel workstation processor ever.

«With the expansion of visual computing in business, the performance of both processors and personal computers should increase more than ever before,» said Paul S. Otellini, executive vice president of Intel. «raw» data types into expressively rich 3D models, helping users to absorb information better and faster. Interactive business applications will combine video, realistic graphics and sound to educate or demonstrate new products or services to potential customers.»

266MHz and 233MHz Pentium II processors are available today in desktop systems from more than a dozen leading PC manufacturers. The 300MHz processor will hit workstations in the third quarter.

«To meet their [applications — Ed.] requirements, personal computers must rely on three key elements of microprocessor performance: floating point, multimedia, and integer computing,» Otellini added. «The Pentium II processor has superior performance on all three counts. «.

The Pentium II integrates high-performance technology enhancements to help improve the speed of floating point, integer, and multimedia calculations. These are:

is the latest dual independent bus architecture originally implemented in the Pentium Pro, aimed at eliminating bandwidth limitations inherent in previous generation processor architectures;

is an MMX technology added to the Pentium II processor to increase the performance of audio, video, and graphics applications, as well as to speed up encoding and data compression;

— dynamic execution technology that increases the overall performance of the processor by allowing more data to be processed in parallel over a period of time;

— S. E.C cartridge. (Single Edge Contact) with a single contact edge, which has become a vehicle for delivering these technologies to consumers, ensuring the widespread availability of the Pentium II and paving the way for even more powerful processors.

Dual independent bus architecture

The bus architecture of the Pentium II processor aims to eliminate CPU-to-memory bus bandwidth limitations by providing 3x the bandwidth of single-bus processors in Socket 7. This carries over to overall system performance.

The dual-bus architecture of the Pentium II processor includes a L2 cache bus and a system bus between the processor and main memory. The speed of the bus with the cache memory in the Pentium II is related by a factor to the frequency of the processor itself. For example, the cache bus on a 300 MHz processor runs at 150 MHz, more than twice as fast as the Pentium processor’s cache bus, which is fixed at 66 MHz.

The processor-to-main memory bus allows multiple transactions to be carried out in parallel instead of single sequential transactions in previous processor generations, which also significantly improves performance.

S.E.C cartridge.

In the Pentium II processor, Intel introduced the S.E.C. — an innovative packaging technology that replaces the old PGA (Pin Grid Array) technology. With this new technology, the components are mounted on a substrate and completely encapsulated in a plastic/metal cartridge that defines the shape of the processor.

Cartridge S.E.C. will allow Intel to continue to supply high-performance processors in high volumes at chip-level prices for mainstream personal computers.

Like the Pentium Pro, the Pentium II processor design includes an integrated L2 cache to help achieve faster performance. The Pentium II’s L2 cache is based on commercially available packet SRAM.

Bringing MMX technology to the business world

Introduced by Intel in January, MMX multimedia performance enhancement technology has benefited millions of home users worldwide. Intel is working with a variety of independent software vendors (ISVs) to bring high-speed MMX applications to the entire business world.

The types of applications that can benefit from MMX technology include scanning, imaging, videoconferencing, Internet browsers and add-ons, video editing and playback, printing, facsimile, compression, encoding, and office suites.

Features, price and availability

The Pentium II processor core with 7.5 million transistors is based on the advanced Intel P6 architecture and manufactured using 0.35 micron technology. Versions with operating frequencies of 266 and 233 MHz, with a 512 KB L2 cache are available now. The price when shipped in batches of 1,000 units is $775 and $636 for the 266 and 233 MHz chips, respectively. 300MHz workstation processor priced at $1.981 when delivered in quantities of at least 1,000 pieces.

Pentium II based systems have the highest performance among Intel based systems when running under Windows NT and Windows 95. The 300 MHz processor is rated 11.6 by SPECint95 and 7.20 by SPECfp95. For the 266 MHz chip, these scores were 10. 8 and 6.89, and for the 233 MHz chip, 9.49 and 6.43, respectively.

Intel continues to provide the industry with various levels of system integration. For computer manufacturers, it offers «computing building blocks» including processors, chipsets and motherboards. For reseller channels, the company supplies individually packaged Pentium II processors and motherboards available through the Processor in a Box program. Separately available motherboards are also bundled with LANDesk Client Manager software to provide enhanced client management in support of Intel’s «Wired for Management» initiative to reduce the overall cost of business computing.

Photo — Intel Corp.

Computer newspaper. The article was published in issue 18 of 1997 under the rubric del :: news

Intel announced new processor families at CES 2021

Intel announced new processor families at CES 2021. They will become the basis for future business platforms, educational, mobile and gaming computer systems.

In particular, the corporation released the 11th generation of Intel Core vPro processors and talked about the Intel Evo vPro platform, which together will provide the highest performance and the most powerful hardware data protection. In addition, the announcement of the 10-nanometer Intel Pentium Silver and Intel Celeron N series took place.

To help people navigate this incredible time, Intel has introduced new processors for business, education, mobile and gaming computing platforms — all designed to offer users the most advanced premium PCs — Intel.

Intel Core vPro and Intel Evo vPro

The 11th generation of Intel Core vPro are 10nm chips that will power thin and light laptops. One of the first new processors received new products from HP.

New solutions, among other things, support Intel Hardware Shield technology, which provides comprehensive data protection at the hardware level. There is also Intel Control Flow Enforcement Technology, which helps stop a whole class of attacks on the system. The

Intel Core vPro includes Intel Iris Xe graphics and Intel Wi-Fi 6/6E (Gig+) that allows you to upload and download files faster than the previous generation of Wi-Fi. In addition, increased performance in AI tasks and up to 2.3 times greater performance in creating and editing video are announced. Performance in office applications has also increased markedly.

Along with the Intel Core vPro, Intel also announced the next generation of the Intel Evo vPro platform, which will feature responsiveness, instant wakeup and long battery life, the company said.

More than 60 new laptops from the world’s leading manufacturers based on Intel Core vPro will go on sale this year. They will offer all the features of the Intel Evo vPro platform.

Intel Pentium Silver and Celeron N 9 Series0077

To meet the growing needs of students, Intel introduced the new Intel Pentium Silver and Celeron N-series processors, which are designed for educational solutions.

The processors are designed on Intel’s 10nm architecture and provide performance gains of up to 35% in applications and up to 78% in graphics over previous generations, Intel said.

11th Gen Intel Core H-series Mobile Processors

Intel has launched a new line of 11th Gen Intel Core H-series mobile processors for gaming. The processors expand the 11th generation product family for ultra-portable devices.

The flagship of the line is the 4-core Intel Core i7 Special Edition clocked at up to 5 GHz. These processors feature the new Gen 4 PCIE architecture required to support the latest discrete graphics and fast storage systems, and provide low latency data transfers.

For enthusiasts looking for even more performance, Intel announced the release of its 8-core H-series processors, which will begin shipping later this quarter. The solutions will offer operating frequencies up to 5 GHz, Gen 4 PCIE x20 architecture and Intel Wi-fi 6E (Gig+).

At CES 2021, Acer, Asus, MSI and Vaio announced new systems based on the 11th generation Intel Core h45 series processors.

Rocket Lake and Alder Lake for desktop and mobile platforms

Intel also showcased next-generation desktop technologies for gamers and enthusiasts in the 11th generation Intel Core S-series (Rocket Lake-S) processors .

With Intel Core i9-119 processor00K, the PC market and enthusiasts will get even better performance in the first quarter of 2021.

Rocket Lake-S processors will be able to deliver up to 19% IPC (Instructions Executed Per Clock) gains over the current generation of Comet Lake desktop chips. Core i9-11900K will receive 8 cores and 16 threads, which can operate at up to 4.8 GHz with a full multi-threaded load. The maximum frequency provided by Thermal Velocity Boost technology in single-threaded mode will be 5.3 GHz.

Core 11th generation will offer support for DDR4-3200 memory and 20 PCIe 4.0 lanes for connecting a graphics card and an SSD. For new CPUs, motherboards based on 500-series chipsets will be released, however, backward compatibility with existing boards based on older 400-series chipsets will be released.

GeForce RTX 3080 video cards have a 2 to 8% gap between the new product and the AMD solution in modern games in Full HD resolution with Ultra quality settings.

And if we compare the Core i9-11900K with the current generation Core i9-10900K processor, Hitman III in the Rocket Lake-S built-in benchmark was able to provide an FPS advantage of about 7%. We are talking about Full HD resolution and Ultra quality settings.

Intel also showed off Alder Lake, a next-generation processor that represents a «significant breakthrough» in the x86 architecture and what the company claims is Intel’s most powerful system-on-a-chip.

The

Alder Lake will be the first Intel processor to feature a new, improved version of 10nm SuperFin technology. The chips will be released in the second half of 2021.

Intel drops Pentium and Celeron brands for its processors after nearly 30 years

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Intel is phasing out the Pentium and Celeron brands. They will be replaced by Intel Processor , which will be called chips in laptops from 2023 .

The change should make it easier for customers to choose budget devices. At the same time, Intel will continue to use the Core, Evo and vPro brands for flagship products.

«Intel is always committed to innovating for the benefit of users, and our entry-level processor families have played a critical role in raising PC standards at all price points. The new Intel Processor branding will make our offerings clearer so users can focus on choosing the right processor for their needs Josh Newman, Vice President and Interim General Manager, Intel Mobile Client Platforms, explained.

The end of the Pentium brand comes almost 30 years after its introduction . Processors under this name were first released in 1993 and were first used in top-end desktop PCs, after which they moved to laptops. Since 2006, Intel has mainly used the Core brand for its flagship chips, while the Pentium line has been repurposed into the mid-range segment.